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Biology
Biochemistry
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 3 parts of an atom | proton neutrons electrons |
| positive charge mass: 1 amu | charge and weight of a proton? |
| neutral charge Mass: 1 amu | charge and weight of a neutron? |
| negative charge Mass: ~0 | charge and weight of an electron? |
| protons and neutrons | sit inside the nucleus |
| electrons | orbit the nucleus |
| equal number of protons and electrons | number of protons and electrons in neutral atom |
| atomic number | based on the number of protons an atom has |
| atomic weight | number of protons and neutrons in an atom |
| ionic bonding | bond forming as a result of the transfer of electrons 1 electron is given to the other molecule in order to even out the electrons of each |
| covalent bonding | bond forming as a result of sharing of electrons carbon has 6 electrons, H has 1 each so the hydrogen attaches to carbon creating one compound |
| oxidation-reduction | transfer of electrons between substances; oxidation=loss of electrons or hydrogen; reduction=gain of electrons or hydrogen; happens simultaneously |
| dehydration synthesis | the transformation of monomers into polymers through which water is removed |
| hydrolysis | the breakdown of polymers into monomers through which water is added |
| phosphorylation | adding a phosphate group to an organic molecule; turns ADP into ATP |
| liquid at room temp; universal solvent (dissolves polar things); good transport medium; gradual change in temp; takes a lot of heat to evaporate; water is denser than ice because the molecules expand | unique characteristics of water |
| pH scale | measure of hydrogen and hydroxide ions |
| acidic | has a pH ranging from 0-7 |
| neutral | has a pH of 7 |
| base (alkaline) | has a pH ranging from 7-14 |
| contain carbon and hydrogen, usually covalent, found in living things ex) carbohydrates, DNA, proteins | characteristics of organic compounds |
| lack carbon and hydrogen (exception of CO2), usually ionic ex) water | characteristics of inorganic compounds |
| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids | 4 major types of organic compounds in living organisms |
| carbohydrates | monomer is monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides |
| monosaccharides | simple sugars; used to make polymers; ex) glucose and fructose |
| disaccharides | sugar consisting of 2 monosaccharides; ex) sucrose, lactose |
| polysaccharides | complex carbohydrates with more than 2 monosaccharides; ex) cellulose, starch, glycogen |
| cellulose | plant cell walls; structural support; fiber in your diet |
| starch | present in plants, storage carbohydrates; break down into glucose monomers when cells need energy |
| glycogen | present in animals; storage carbohydrates; break down into glucose monomers when cells need energy |
| glucose | blood sugar, main source of energy |
| sucrose | glucose+fructose; table sugar |
| Dehydration synthesis forms polymers by linking monomers through the removal of a water molecule, creating new covalent bonds, while hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers by adding a water molecule to break these covalent bonds | What is the role of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in forming and breaking down polymers? |
| C6H12O6: has 6 rings | What is the molecular structure of glucose |
| There is an amino group (2 hydrogens attached to a nitrogen), an acid group, and an "r group" | What is the molecular structure of amino acids |
| There is a phosphate group (circle), a pentose group (sugar w/ 5 sides) and a nitrogenous base (covalent bond?) | What is the molecular structure of nucleotide molecules |
| primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary | What are the different structures of a protein? |
| primary structure | amino acid sequence of a polypeptide |
| secondary structure "substructure" | localized areas of coils and sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds |
| tertiary structure | overall shape of 1 polypeptide (folds up into proteins) |
| quaternary structure | overall protein shape, arising from interaction between the multiple polypeptides that make up the functional protein. Only proteins with multiple polypeptides have this structure |
| components of a nucleotide | pentose, phosphate group, nitrogenous base |
| DNA structure | 2 strands (nucleotides) connected in a chain, double stranded, held together by hydrogen bonds |
| RNA Structure | single-stranded chain of nucleotides |
| DNA: no oxygen, thymine, double stranded, bases pair up (bonds), heredity/codes for amino acids RNA: oxygen, uracil, single stranded, protein synthesis (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA) | Difference between DNA and RNA |
Created by:
auweb921
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