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Digestive
Digestive System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ingestion | The intake of food |
| Digestion | The breakdown of food into nutrients |
| Absorption | Nutrients enter bloodstream and are delivered to the body |
| Elimination | Unused solid waste expelled (fiber, fat, protein & bacteria) |
| Mouth | Receives food into the oral cavity as it is tasted and broken down by the teeth. (mastication) |
| Tongue | Muscular organ that contains taste buds. Aids in chewing/swallowing (deglutition). |
| Teeth | Hard structures in the mouth that breakdown food by chewing |
| Salivary Glands | Secrete amylase that aids in chemical breakdown of starchy foods |
| Esophagus | muscular tube that carries the food to the stomach. Relies on peristalsis to move the food. |
| Pharynx | (throat) carries both food, liquid & air. |
| Pharynx parts | Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
| Stomach | Receives food from the esophagus. Gastric juices and enzymes convert food to a pulpy consistency called chyme. Food usually remains in the stomach for 1-4 hours. |
| Small intestine | Process of digestion is completed here. - 17-20 ft long/1 inch diameter |
| Small intestine parts | 3 sections: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum |
| Large Intestine | aka Colon Absorbs liquid (water) and remaining indigestible materials (feces) which are excreted from the body at the anus. 5 ft long/2 in diameter |
| Large intestine parts | 6 parts: Cecum/Appendix Ascending Transverse Descending Sigmoid Rectum |
| Rectum | LAST part of the large intestine that stores waste before it passes out of the body through an opening called the Anus |
| Feces | Indigestible waste expelled through the anus (opening at lower end of the digestive tract). AKA Stool, poop, BM |
| Liver | Storage of nutrients Breaks down fats and helps remove wastes from the body Converts glycogen to glucose for energy Makes bile (breaks down fatty foods) Located in RUQ |
| Pancreas | Produces insulin & enzymes for digestion |
| Gallbladder | Stores and concentrates bile (small sac located inferior to the liver) |
| Bariatrics | is concerned with the prevention and control of obesity |
| Dentist | specializes in the care of the teeth and oral cavity |
| Dental hygienist | licensed to clean, x-ray, give fluoride treatments and educate patients about hygiene. |
| Gastroenterologist | specializes in the care of the stomach and intestines. |
| Orthodontist | is a dental professional who specializes in the alignment of the teeth. |
| Periodontist | is a dental professional who specializes in the tissues surrounding the teeth. |
| Proctologist | is a physician who specializes in the colon, rectum and anus. |
| Ascites | Abnormal excess fluid in the abdomen |
| Constipation | Difficult elimination of hard stool |
| Dehydration | Fluid loss exceeds fluid intake |
| Emesis | vomiting |
| Halitosis | bad breath |
| Diarrhea | Abnormal watery or loose stool |
| Regurgitation | Return of Swallowed food from the stomach |
| GERD | gastroesophageal reflux disease) upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus. |
| Pyrosis | (heartburn): burning feeling in chest from GERD |
| Peptic ulcers | sores in the membrane of the digestive system from overproduction of stomach acid |
| Anorexia nervosa | self-deprivation of food and normal body weight, it is a psychiatric disorder that affects the digestive system. |
| Bulimia nervosa | eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binging and purging. |
| Obesity | excessive accumulation of fat in the body. Generally more than 40-45% overweight. |
| IBS | (irritable bowel syndrome) common condition of unknown cause with symptoms of cramping, pain, constipation and /or diarrhea. |
| IBD | inflammatory bowel disease) general term for disease that causes inflammation of the intestine |
| Crohn's Disease | autoimmune)inflammation of the lining of digestive tract causing fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss. May occur anywhere in GI tract. (IBD) |
| Colitis | inflammation of digestive tract causing pain, bloating, vomiting. Limited to the colon (IBD) |
| Hernia | protrusion of an organ/structure through the muscle that usually contains it |
| Dental Caries | tooth decay including cavities |
| Celiac Disease | malabsorption condition with weight loss and diarrhea thought to be caused by an intolerance of gluten |
| Hepatitis | inflammation of the liver caused by viral infection, drugs, alcohol, and/or fatty liver. Can cause jandice |
| jaundice | yellow discoloration of skin and eyes due to liver damage |
| Cirrhosis | scarring of the liver often caused by excessive alcohol consumption, drugs, or hepatitis |
| Bariatric Surgery | surgical procedures available to treat morbid obesity; lap bands; gastric bypass, and other procedures that reduce the size of the stomach. |
| Occult Blood Test | used to detect hidden blood in feces |
| Complete Blood Count | (CBC) routine blood test that involves counting the number of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets in the blood. Also helpful in determining the presence of internal bleeding or infection. |
| Endoscopy | examination of body cavities using a scope (camera) |
| Barium Enema(LGI) | special series of x-rays of the large intestine using barium as a contrast medium. |
| Biopsy | removal of small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination |
| Incisional | Incision(cut) into the tissue for removal of a small piece of living tissue for examination microscopically |
| Excisional | Surgical removal of an entire tumor |
| Needle | biopsy procedure using a hollow needle is used to remove a core sample of tissue for microscopic examination |
| Antiemetic | prevents or relieves nausea and vomiting |
| Laxative | drug that stimulates bowel movements |
| Acid Blocker | drug that blocks the production of stomach acid |
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