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Biology
science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is DNA and what does it stand for | stores all genetic information in a cell, deoxyribonucleic acid |
| what are the 4 DNA nitrogen bases | adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine |
| what are the 4 RNA nitrogen bases | adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil |
| what is the structure of DNA and RNA | one nucleotide is made up of a phosphate base, ribose sugar for RNA deoxyribose sugar for DNA, and a nitrogen base. |
| what is RNA and what does it stand for | helps carry out instructions from DNA to make proteins, ribonucleic acid. |
| where is DNA and RNA found | DNA can be found in the nucleus of a cell and RNA can be found in the nucleus and cytoplasm |
| structure of DNA and RNA | DNA is a double helix, whereas RNA is single-stranded, both are made of nucleotides |
| what is the cell cycle | the time taken for a newly formed cell to mature and then give rise to two new cells |
| what is interphase | when growth occurs and DNA has replicated but the chromosomes are not visible and the cell prepares for mitosis. |
| what are the steps of interphase | gap 1- cell growth, and checks DNA for mistakes synthesis- DNA is replicated in preparation for mitosis gap 2- cell growth, and checks DNA for mistakes |
| what is mitosis | a type of cell division that is involved in growth, development, repair of tissue, and asexual reproduction. |
| what are the 4 stages of mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| how many chromosomes are in a human body cell | 43 chromosomes which can be split into 23 pairs |
| what is prophase | the first step of mitosis when chromatins condense |
| what is metaphase | the second step of mitosis, when chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. |
| what is anaphase | the third step of mitosis when identical chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell |
| what is telophase | the last step of mitosis when the nuclear membrane reforms (two). |
| what is cytokinesis | when the cytoplasm splits which leads to the formation of two identical daughter cells. |
| what is the difference between diploid and haploid | diploid is when somatic cells contain chromosomes in sets of pairs whereas haploid is when gametes (sex cells) only contain one set of chromosomes. |
| what is meiosis | the process by which gametes contain only one set of chromosomes. This prevents the doubling of chromosomes at fertilization because the chromosome number is halved. |
| what are the steps of meiosis 1 | interphase occurs and DNA is replicated, prophase-chromosomes find their homologous pair & crossing over occurs, metaphase-chromosomes line up with pair, anaphase-pairs go to opposite sides, telophase-nuclei reforms, cytokinesis-cells split in 2 |
| what are the steps of meiosis 2 | interphase doesn't occur, prophase-chromosomes become visible & the nucleus disappears, metaphase-chromosomes line up in middle, anaphase-chromatids separate & move to opposite sides, telophase-nuclear membrane reforms, cytokinesis-split in 2 |
| what are the variations of meiosis | -independent assortment - chromosomes line up randomly during metaphase 1 -crossing over - homologous chromosomes exchange segments during meiosis 1 and genetic material is swapped between maternal and paternal. |
| compare meiosis and mitosis | mitosis produces 2 identical diploid somatic cells for growth & repair, while meiosis produces 4 distinct haploid gametes for sexual reproduction. Mitosis creates 2 genetically identical daughter cells. Meiosis creates 4 genetically unique daughter cells. |
| what are mutations | errors or changes in DNA, genes or chromosomes can have a variety of consequences. these genetic mistakes are called mutations. |
| what are mutagenic agents | mutagenic agents are when the cause of mutation can't be identified its called a spontaneous mutation. When it can be identified its called an induced mutation. Mutations can be inherited if they occur in the gametes. |
| what are some examples of mutagenic agents | a factor that triggers mutations in cells is called a mutagen or mutagenic agent, some examples are radiation, chemical substances, and infectious agents. |
| what are point mutations and the different types | A point mutation is a change in one DNA base. The most common type is substitution, where one base is replaced with another. |
| what are the different types of point mutations | -missense mutations-one amino acid is changed to another -silent mutation-no change occurs, -nonsense-an amino acid condon is changed to a stop condon. |
| what is a chromatid vs a chromosome | A chromosome is 2 chromatids combines together, whereas a chromatid is half a chromosome. |
| what is frameshift mutations | a frameshift mutation is when every amino acid (protein) is altered leading to a different amino acid code EG: the fat cat sat - tht efa tca tsa t |
| what is the genes code for protein | if the genes change, the protein can also change |
| what are some chromosomal mutations | deletion- the loss of all or part of a chromosome duplication- a segment of a chromosome is repeated inversion- part of a chromosome becomes reversed translocation- part of one chromosome breaks off & attaches to another non-homologous chromosome. |
| what are Mendel's three laws of inheritance | - law of segregation - law of dominance - law of independent assortment |
| what is a gene | it is the basic unit of genetic information. Genes determine the inherited characters. |
| what is a genome | a genome is the collection of genetic information |
| what is a locus and allele | a locus is a location/marker on the chromosome, whereas an allele is one variant of a gene/marker at a particular locus |
| what is a dominant vs a recessive allele | a dominant allele is expressed even if it's paired with a recessive allele. E.g - Bb the dominant one is B and it will still be expressed. A recessive allele is only visible when its paired with another recessive allele. E.g- bb b is the recessive allele |
| what are the different types of genotypes | -genotype of BB - homozygous dominant -genotype of bb - homozygous recessive -genotype of Bb - heterozygous |
| what is your phenotype determined by | your phenotype is determined by your genotype and environment. |
| what is a phenotype | A phenotype is the set of observable characteristics, traits, or physical properties of an organism. eg height, blood type, eye colour. its a PHYSICAL appearance |
| what is a genotype | A genotype is an organism's specific genetic makeup, representing the set of alleles inherited from parents. Its GENTICAL appearance |
Created by:
A-c-h
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