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unit 7:cells
| variable | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cells | The basic unit of structure and function in living things |
| Microscope | An instrument used to make small objects look larger. |
| Cell theory | A widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things. |
| Cell theory | A. All living things are composed of cells B. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things C. All cells are produced from other cells |
| 2 types of Microscopes | A. Compound Microscope: Focuses light through lenses to produce a magnified image, using two lenses. B. Electron Microscope: Using beams of electrons to produce a magnified image. |
| Magnification | The condition of things appearing larger then they are, using convex lenses (center is thicker than the edges) |
| Resolution | The ability to see to details more clearly, the higher the resolution the sharper the image. |
| Organelles | he general name of tiny cell structures that carry out specific functions within the cell. |
| Cell Wall | A rigid layer that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms, it protects and supports the cell.v |
| Cell Membrane | controls which substances pass into and out of a cell. |
| Nuclear Membrane | the double membrane surrounding the nucleus within a cell. Also called the nuclear envelope. **Not in the textbook** |
| Nucleolus | small round structure in the nucleus where ribosomes are made. |
| Chromatin | thin strands of material that fill the nucleus, contains information for directing the cells function. |
| Nucleus | Control center of the cell, directs all of the cells activities. |
| Ribosomes | small grain-shaped organelles that produce proteins. |
| Cytoplasm | jelly-like substance that fills all the open areas in the cell. |
| Mitochondria | Rod-shaped structures that convert energy from food into energy for the cell, nicknamed the “powerhouse” |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | The ER forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another. |
| Golgi apparatus | receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the ER, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell or outside the cell wall. |
| Vacuole | stores water, food, and other materials needed by the cell, they can also carry waste products until it is removed. |
| Chloroplasts | captures energy from the sunlight and changes it to a form of energy cells can use in making food. |
| Lysosomes | Contains substances that break down large food particles into smaller ones. |
| Multicellular | Made of many cells |
| Unicellular | Made of only ONE cell |
| Specialized cells | Cells that are designed to do specific jobs that help the entire organism function. |
| Cells make | Cells make tissues, tissues make organs, organs make organ systems, organ systems make an organism. |
| Elements | any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. |
| Compounds | when 2 or more elements chemically combine. |
| Compounds that cells need | A: Organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Organic compounds must contain carbon. B: Inorganic compounds: water. Inorganic compounds DO NOT contain carbon. |
| Carbohydrates | energy rich organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Items that have sugar and starches would be carbohydrates. Examples: potatoes, pasta, rice, and bread. |
| Lipids | Fats, oils, and waxes. Examples: whole milk, ice cream, and fried foods. |
| Proteins | large organic molecules made mostly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. Examples: meat, dairy, fish, nuts, beans. |
| Enzymes | a group of proteins that helps speed up chemical reactions in living things. |
| Nucleic Acids | Long organic compounds made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Nucleic acids contain the instructions that carry out all the functions of life. |
| DNA | The genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring. Double Helix: Shape of the DNA molecule |
| Water in cells | A. Water is needed for most chemical reactions in cells B. Water helps cells keep their shape. C. Water helps cells maintain their temperature D. Water helps cells carry substances in and out of them |
| Passive Transport | When materials go in and out of the cell WITHOUT using energy. |
| Diffusion | The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
| Osmosis | The movement of WATER molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Selectively permeable | means some substances can cross the membrane while others cannot. |
| Active transport | When materials go in and out of the cell using energy. |
| Moving Large Particles | Endocytosis: The cell changes shape and engulfs the particle. Exocytosis: The reverse process, which allows large particles to exit the cell. |
| innerphase | Chromosomes are copied (# doubles) • Chromosomes appear as threadlike coils (chromatin) at the start, but each chromosome and its copy (sister chromosome) change to sister chromatids at end of this phase |
| prophase | Mitosis begins (cell begins to divide) • Centrioles (or poles) appear and begin to move to opposite ends of cell • Spindle fibers form between the poles |
| metaphase | Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) attach to the spindle fibers |
| anaphase | Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell |
| telophase | Two new nuclei form • Chromosomes appear as chromatin (threads rather than rods) • Mitosis ends |
| CYTOKINESIS | Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells - each with its own nucleus with identical chromosomes |
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