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BIO 101 Definitions
Chapters 1 and 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bios | Life |
| logy | Study of |
| Unicellular | Single cell |
| Multicellular | Multicellular |
| Chemotaxis | Movement towards or away from certain chemicals |
| Phototaxis | Movement towards or away from light |
| Reproduction | Process by which parents produce offspring. Can be both sexual and asexual |
| Adaptation | Inherited characteristics that increases an organisms chance of survival by increasing their fit with the environment |
| Growth | An increase in the number, size, and volume of cells |
| Development | Multi-step process by which single-cell becomes multi-cell adult |
| Homeostasis | Set of processes by which an organism keeps its internal conditions within tolerable ranges (blood pressure, body temperature) |
| Metabolism | Using nutrients to process energy (producers make their own food and consumers ingest food) |
| Atom | Fundamental building block of all matter |
| Molecule | Two or more atoms |
| Organelles | Parts of a cell |
| Cell | Smallest unit of life |
| Tissue | Cells organize in a pattern that allows them to perform a collective function |
| Organ | A grouping of tissues that perform a collective function |
| Organ system | Set of organs performing a function |
| Organism | Individual that consists of one or more cells |
| Population | Group of individual species in an area |
| Community | Populations of all species in a given area |
| Ecosystem | All living and non-living things in an area |
| Biosphere | All regions of earth that have life |
| Hierarchal taxonomy | How scientists organize each type of organism |
| Domain | HIghest level of organization |
| Prkaryotes | Bacteria single-celled without nuclei and archaea single-celled without nuclei. Many extremophiles |
| Eukaryotes | Cells with nuclei |
| Binomial naming system | Every organism has a unique name that is recognized all over the world |
| Phylogenetic Tree of Life | Created by Carl Woese, it is a pictorial representation of evolutionary relationships |
| Nodes | Branch points on phylogenetic tree, they represent points in evolution when an ancestors diverged to form two species |
| Scientific inquiry | Uses two methods of logical thinking: Inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning |
| Inductive reasoning | A form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a conclusion |
| Qualitative (descriptive) data | Non-numerical, subjective information such as audio and images |
| Quantitative (numerical) data | Information expressed in numbers that can be counted or measured |
| Deductive reasoning | A type of logic that uses a general principle or law to forecast specific results |
| Scientific Method | A series of defined steps that include experiments and careful observation |
| Hypothesis | Statement that describes an expected outcome |
| Control | The group of individuals exposed to the chemical |
| Scientific theory | Longstanding hypothesis that is useful in making predictions |
| Basic science | Sometimes referred to as pure science |
| Applied science | Used to solve real world problems |
| Element | A pure chemical substance consisting of atoms that all have the same number of protons in their atomic nucleus defining their atomic number |
| Atom | The smallest component of an element. Very small |
| Molecule | A particle made of two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds |
| Structure of an atom | Nucleus, Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons |
| Nucleus | The tiny central core of an atom |
| Protons | Have a positive charge |
| Neutrons | Have no charge |
| Electron | Have a negative charge |
| Atomic number | Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| Group or family | Columns that all have elements in a group with similar properties |
| Isotopes | Differ in the number of neutrons their atoms carry |
| Radioisotope | An isotope with an unstable nucleus |
| Radioactive decay | The spontaneous emission of energy |
| Shell models | Help us visualize how electrons populate atoms from the innermost shell outward |
| Concentric circles | Represent successive energy levels |
| Ion | An atom that has gained or lost an electron |
| Negative ion | Gained an electron (electron carries a negative charge) |
| Positive ion | Lost an electron |
| Ionic bond | Metal to non-metal |
| Covalent bond | When atoms share a pair of electrons (non-metal to non-metal) |
| Nonpolar | If the electrons are shared equally |
| Polar | If the electrons are shared unequally. This creates a part of the molecule that is more positive and one that is most negative |
| Hydrogen bond | Interaction between molecules, but they collectively stabilize the structures of large molecules |
| Hydrophobic | Something can dissolve in water |
| Hydrophilic | Something doesn't dissolve in water |
| Solvent | It is a liquid that can dissolve other substances |
| Solute | A dissolved substance |
| Cohesion | The tendency of like molecules to stick together which allows for capillary action and surface tension |
| pH | A measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a fluid |
| Acid | Substances that release hydrogen ions into the water |
| Base | Substances that accept hydrogen ions in the water |
| pH scale | Ranges from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most base) |
| Buffer | Keeps something in its natural range |
| Biological molecules | Only living things make the molecules of life (through metabolism) |
| Organic | compounds that are made primarily of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms |
| Carbohydrates | Molecule consists primarily of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio |
| Monosaccharides | "One sugar"; the simplest type of carbohydrate |
| Disaccharides | "Two sugars" |
| Lactose | glucose + galactose (milk sugar) |
| Maltose | glucose + glucose (malt sugar) |
| Sucrose | glucose + fructose (table sugar) |
| Oligosaccharides | "few sugars" (3 more more sugar units) |
| Polysaccharides | aka complex carbohydrates "many sugars" |
| Cellulose | tough structural component of plants...chains of glucose units stretch side by side...hydrogen bonds stabilize...chains in tight bundles of long fibers |
| Starch | Amylose and amylopectin- main energy reserve in plants which stores it in roots, stems, leaves, fruits, and seeds...a series of glucose units form a coiled chain |
| Glycogen | Stored in muscles and liver in humans and animals; serves as energy reservoir...a branching chain of glucose units |
| Chitin | Strengthens hard parts of many small animals, such as crabs |
| Lipids | Fatty, oily or waxy compound. Cells use them as major sources of energy and structural materials. All are hydrophobic (water fearing) |
| Fats | Most common is triglycerides (glycerol + fatty acids) |
| Phospholipids | The main structural component of cell membranes |
| Waxes | Lipids that are part of water repellent and lubricating secretions |
| Steroids | Occur in cell membranes, and some remodeled into other molecules |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | Acids have one or more double bonds |
| Saturated fatty acids | Fatty acids have no double bonds |
| Phospholipids bilayer | A lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic (water loving) head and two hydrophobic (water fearing) fatty acid tails (main constituent of eukaryotic cell membranes and two layers of lipids (lipid bilayer) |
| Waxes bilayer | water repellant mixture with long fatty acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings. All have firm consistency and repel water. |
| Steroids bilayer | Lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails . Found in eukaryotic cell membranes |
| Proteins | Organic compound that consists of one or more chains of amino acids including enzymes and structural materials |
| Protein synthesis | Involves covalently bonding amino acids into a chain linked by peptide bond |
| Polypeptide | A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| Denatures | When a protein unravels and loses its function |
| Adenosine triphosphate | Metabolism...energizes many kinds of molecules |
| Ribonucleic acid | Protein systems..consists of one chain of nucleotides |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid | Storing genetic information...consist of two chains of nucleotides, twisted into a double helix |
| Nucleic Acid | Single- or double- stranded chain of nucleotides joined by chemical bonds (DNA and RNA) |
Created by:
ajpatton08
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