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a&p ch1-4
chapters 1-4 "malone university"
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is homeostasis? | state of relative stability (balance) of body's internal environment |
| What are corrective cycles? | feedback systems |
| What is anatomy? | science of body structures |
| What is physiology? | science of body function |
| what are the 6 levels of structural organization? | chemical, cellular, tissue, organ,system, organismal |
| what makes up the chemical level? | atom and molecule |
| what are the definitions for atom and molecule? | an atom is the smallest unit of matter..... a molecule is 2 or more atoms joined together |
| What are the basic structural and functional units of a organism? | cells |
| what are tissues? | groups of cells & materials surrounding them to work together to preform a function |
| What is composed of 2 or more tissues? | an organ |
| What is the definition of a system? | related organs with common function |
| A system also considered the _______-________ level? | organ-system level |
| what are the 6 most important life processes of the human body? | metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction |
| what is catabolism? | breakdown of complex chem substances into simpler structures |
| What is anabolism? | building up of complex chem sub from smaller components |
| responsiveness is what? | body's ability to detect & respond to changes |
| what is differentiation? | development of a cell from unspecialized to specialized via stem cells |
| dynamic equilibrium | homeostasis |
| what are the different types of body fluids? | intercellular, extracellular, interstitial, blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial, aqueous humor& vitreous body |
| feedback loop | feedback system |
| what are the components of a feedback system? | receptor, control center, effector |
| what does a receptor do? | monitors changes in body and sends input to control center...survaliance |
| what does the control center do? | set range of values within a controlled condition, maintain evaluate and GENERATES OUTPUT COMMANDS |
| what does an effector do? | receives output from control center and produces response |
| what are some examples of effectors? | organs and tissues |
| what are the two types of feedback systems? | positive and negative |
| what happens in a negative feedback system? | REVERSES a change in controlled condition (Changes)...BP |
| what happens in a positive feedback system? | REINFORCE a change in one of the body's controlled conditions (Maintain)....childbirth |
| what is a disorder? | any abnormality of structure or function |
| disease | illness characterized by set of signs and symptoms |
| sign is? | objective changes....fever, anatomical or physiological |
| A symptom is? | subjective change ,....headaches nausea |
| epidemiology | science deals with why when &where diseases occur & how transmitted in a community |
| diagnosis | science and skill of distinguishing one disease or disorder from another "normal" |
| body is made up of ... | chemical elements |
| chemical elements are? | on the periodic table cant be split into simpler substances |
| what 4 elements make up 96% of the body? | oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen |
| why are the 4 elements important to the human body? | Big part in maintaining homeostasis |
| what are the 2 regions of an atom? | nucleus and electron shell (cloud) |
| what are the 3 subatomic particles | proton, neutron, electron |
| what are the charges of the subatomic particles? | proton + neutron neutral electron - |
| where do u find the subatomic particles? | proton nucleus.. neutron nucleus.. electron electron shell |
| what does a proton determin? | atomic # |
| what is a valence electron? | the outer most electron in the full outer shell..reactivity |
| an isotope is? | a different # of neutrons and same # of protons... some radioactive |
| ion | gives up or gains electrons |
| ionization | process of giving up or gaining electrons |
| molecule | 2 or more atoms combined o2 or h2o |
| compound | 2 or more different elements combined |
| what are free radicals? | have unpaired electrons in outermost cell, highly reactive, destructive to nearby molecules.... anti-oxidents vit c & e |
| what are chemical bonds? | forces that hold atoms together |
| octet rule | wants 8 electrons in outer shell |
| what are the most important bonds in biology? | covalent bonds |
| what happens in covalent bonds? | sharing of electrons between atoms |
| non-ploar covalent bond | equal sharing no charge |
| polar covalent bond | unequal sharing based on electronegativity |
| characteristics of covalent bonds | very strong, not easily broken |
| ionic bond | losse or gain electrons |
| hydrogen bond | hydrogen atom has partial + charge and attracts partial - charge of neighbor |
| weakest bond | hydrogen bond |
| electrolyte | ionic compound that breaks up to positive and negative ions |
| importance of hydrogen bonds | 3-d shape of large molecules, important in h20 with cohesion |
| controlled condition- disrupted by stimulus | homeostasis |
| 2 parts of a chemical rxn. | reactants (start) products (end) |
| metabolism | all the chem rxn. in the body |
| law of conservation of energy | energy is neither created or destroyed |
| stored energy | potential |
| energy in motion | kinetic |
| activation energy | minimum amount of energy required for a chem rxn to occur |
| probability that a rxn, will occur depends on? | concentration and temperature |
| catalyst | speeds up rxn. and lowers activation energy |
| an enzyme is a ? | catalyst essential in body |
| exergonic | gives off more energy than absorbs |
| endergonic | absorbs more energy then gives off |
| types of chemical reactions | anabolism, catabolism, exchange |
| reaction that is synthesis and endergonic | anabolism |
| reaction that is decomposition and exergonic | catabolism |
| reaction that is both synthesis and decomposition and reversable | exchange |
| inorganic substances | lack c, water salts acids bases |
| organic substances | always contain c have covalent bonds |
| most abundant and important inorganic compound in the living body | water |
| water is.... | the "universal solvent" is versatile, cuz of polar covalent bonds |
| hydrophobic | molecules that contain mainly non-polar covalent bonds |
| hydrophilic | molecules that are charged polar covalent or ionic bonds |
| medium for most rxn. in body | water |
| hydrolysis | breakdown of large molecules by addition of water |
| dehydration | smaller molecules bind and form molecule of water as by-product...synthesis |
| important properties of water | hight heat capacity, heat of vaporization, lubrication |
| what dissociate in water? | inorganic acids, bases, salts |
| H+ | proton |
| proton donor | acid |
| Proton acceptor | base |
| cations and anions | salts |
| pH is based upon? | H+ concentration |
| pH= -log[H+] | moles per liter |
| what is the midpoint of the pH scale? | 7 neutral |
| less than 7 | acidic |
| greater than 7 | basic or alkaline |
| buffer systems | accept or donate protons ; maintain homeostasis |
| name the 4 main types of macromolecules | carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins |
| macromolecules are usually? | polymers |
| polymer | large molecule formed by covalent bonds of many identical building blocks |
| monomer | building block molecules |
| monomer for carbohydrates | monosaccharides |
| monomer for nucleic acids | nucleotides |
| monomer for proteins | amino acids |
| monomer for lipids | various |
| isomers | macromolecules same chem formula different arrangement |
| carbohydrates are? | hydrated carbon and source of chemical energy |
| simple sugars with 3-7 carbons | monosaccharides |
| disaccharides | combination of two monosaccharides formed by dehydration synthesis |
| polysaccharides | many simple sugars formed by dehydration |
| cellulose | carbohydrate in plants that give plant a shape/structure |
| how many amino acids in the human body? | 20 |
| functions of proteins | structure, regulatory, contractile, immunological, transport, catalytic |
| covalent bond holding amino acids together in a protein (dehydration) | peptide bond |
| name for more than one peptide bond | polypeptide bond |
| what are the 4 levels of structure in proteins | primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary |
| primary level in proteins | single line of AA and peptide bonds |
| secondary level in proteins | twisting and folding of AA |
| tertiary level in proteins | 3D shape of polypeptide has hydrogen bonds |
| quarternary level i proteins | 2 separate polypeptides |
| enzymes are... | catalysts, highly specific, efficient (speed up rxn.) lower activation energy of rxn. |
| denaturation | changed structure |
| function of nucleic acids | transmit information |
| 3 components of a nucleotide | base ribose phosphate |
| alphabet of DNA | adenine thymine, guanine cytosine |
| what are the 2 varieties of nucleic acids | RNA, DNA |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, transmits genetic info, double stranded double helix |
| in DNA amino acids... | only codes for proteins |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid, carries info from DNA, protein synthesis, single stranded |
| alphabet of RNA | adenine uracil, guanine cytosine |
| what are the 3 types of RNA | messenger, transfer, ribosomal |
| what is ATP? | energy! used with RNA |
| hydrophobic | afraid of water/ dont interact |
| types of lipids | fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids (main 4) |
| fatty acids (FA) are? | simplest lipids, saturated and unsaturated (mono vs. poly) |
| FA function is? | used to synthesize TG and phospholipids |
| what are essential fatty acids | must be obtained from food sources, cis-fatty acids |
| most plentiful lipid in your body | triglycerides |
| where do we sore most of our energy? | triglycerides |
| what is the most concentrated form of energy in the body? | triglycerides |
| where are the phospholipids? | cell membrane |
| amphipathic means? | have a change and nonchanged area water/something else |
| hormones are | steroids |
| what are the 3 parts of a cell? | cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus |
| what is the plasma membrane of a cell made up of? | phospholipid bilayer |
| what is the function of the PM? | flexible sturdy barrier |
| what is the fluid mosaic model? | allows proteins to move all around in the cell |
| what are the functions of the membrane proteins? | transporters, receptors, catalysts, anchors/linkage, attachment, identification |
| what is selective permeability? | allows somethings in and others blocked out |
| concentration gradient | difference in concentration inside and outside of cell |
| passive transport? | down the concentration gradient and no energy required |
| Active transport? | against concentration gradient require energy ATP, transporters |
| name the 3 types of passive transport | simple and facilitated diffusion and osmosis |
| what determines diffusion rate? | steepness of concentration gradient, temp, size of molecules, surface area of membrane, how thick membrane is (diffusion distance) |
| what happens in simple diffusion? | the molecules just float across membrane, have kinetic energy |
| what goes across membrane in simple diffusion? | nonpolar, hydrophobic, gases, fatty acids, steroids, fat soluble vits, lipids, small polar molecules: water urea alcohol |
| what molecules need to use facilitated diffusion? | too polar or too charged |
| what are the 2 types of integral/transmembrane proteins | channel-mediated, carrier-mediated |
| in channel-mediated what pass through | ions and at limited sites |
| transporter proteins are used in... | carrier-mediated |
| osmosis is? | passive transport/ diffusion of water from higher to lower concentrations |
| tonicity | solution's ability to change cell volume by movement of water |
| isotonic solution | same solute as cytosol |
| hyertonic | higher solute (RBC hemolysis) |
| hypotonic | lower solute (RBC crenation) |
| what happens in a primary active transport? | pumps conformational change |
| endocytosis | going into a cell (virus, receptor-mediated phagocytosis pinocytosis) |
| exocytosis | going out of the cell |
| phagocytosis | cells eating cells (macrophages and neutrophils) |
| pinocytosis | eating of fluid (intestine kidney) |
| cytoplasm | cytosol and organelles |
| cytosol | 75-90% water, has dissolved and suspended substances, site of chem rxn. |
| function of ribosomes | site of protein synthesis |
| where are ribosomes located? | free and rough ER |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum function | secretory membrane organelle proteins, processing and sorting |
| smooth ER | synthesis of fatty acids and steroids, detoxifies in liver |
| golgi complex functions | modify, sort, package proteins (send some place out) |
| mitochondria function | powerhouse of cell, energy is mostly made here, produce ATP |
| mitochondria has a inner and | outer membrane and own DNA |
| cristae | site of aerobic respiration (folding of the inner membrane) |
| what are the components of a TG | 3-carbon backbone and 3 fatty acids |
Created by:
cmechstenkamper
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