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Bio
genetics test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Dominant | An allele that masks the effect of a recessive alleles ; shown when at least one dominant allele is present |
| Recessive | An allele that is only expressed when two copies are present |
| homozygous ( purebred ) | Having two identical alleles for a trait ( AA or AA ) |
| heterozygous ( hybrid ) | Having two different alleles for a trait (Aa) |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism |
| Phenotype | The physical appearance or observable trait |
| allele | a diffrent form of a gene |
| Heredity | the passing of traits from parents to offspring |
| probablity | the likelihood that a certain outcome will occur |
| karyotype | a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs |
| pedigree | a chart that shows genetic traits passed through a family |
| genome | All the genetic material in an organism |
| autosome | any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| carrier | a persone who has one recessive allele but does not show the trait |
| nondisjunction | when chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis |
| sex-linked genes/traits | traits carried on sex chromosomes usually the X chromosome |
| What is a punnet square used for? | To predict possible offspring genotypes and phenotypes |
| How do you find probabilities using a punnet square? | Count the number of boxed with a certain outcome and divide by the total number of boxes |
| Multiple alleles | A gene with more than two alleles options ( ex:blood types) |
| Sex linked traits | traits controlled by genes on the X or y chromosome ( ex: hemophilia) |
| Codominance | both alleles are fully expressed ( example : AB blood types) |
| incomplete dominance | A blend of traits appears ( example : red + white = pink flowers ) |
| Law of dominance | Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles |
| law of segregation | Allele pairs separate during gamete formation |
| Law of independent assortment | genes for different traits are inherited independently |
| What does a square represent in a pedigree | A male |
| What does a circle represent in a pedigree | A female |
| What does shading mean in a pedigree | The individual shows the trait |
| How do you determine genotypes in a pedigree | Use known traits,inheritance patterns,and parent offspring relationships |
| What are pedigree probabilities based on | the genotypes and inheritance patterns shown in the chart |
| What type of cells pass genes to offspring | Sex cells |
| What can influence gene sxpression | environment,hormones and lifestyle |
| cause of Huntington's disease | dominant geneticmutation |
| cause of down syndrome | Nondisjunction leading to an extra chromosome 21 |
| cause of hemophillia | recessive sex-linked mutation on the X chromosome |
| cause of cystic fibrosis | recessive genetic mutation |
| cause of sickle cell disease | recessive genetic mutation affecting red blood cells |
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