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AQA Bio Unit 6
Definitions for Inheritance unit
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| *Adult cell cloning | A type of cloning that forms an embryo from an adult body cell. |
| Allele | A version of a gene. |
| Amino acids | Small molecules from which proteins are assembled. |
| Archaea | Primitive bacteria existing in extreme environments. |
| Asexual reproduction | A form of reproduction involving a single parent. Creates genetically identical offspring. |
| Binomial system | The universal system of naming organisms using their genus and species. |
| Charles Darwin | The scientist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. |
| Chromosome | A long, coiled molecule of DNA that carries genetic information in the form of genes. |
| Classification | The organisation of organisms into groups based on their characteristics and structure. |
| *Coding DNA | A sequence of DNA that codes for the production of a protein. |
| *Complementary | Describes how the chemical bases in DNA pair up with each other. A pairs with T and C pairs with G. |
| *Cuttings | The simplest method of cloning plants. A branch is cut from a parent plant and replanted in compost after removing the lower leaves. |
| Cystic fibrosis | A cellular membrane disorder resulting from the presence of a recessive allele. |
| DNA | A double-stranded polymer wound to form a double helix. Carries the genetic code. |
| Dominant | Describes an allele that is always expressed. Represented by a capital letter. |
| Embryo screening | A procedure used to determine the presence of faulty genes in an embryo produced by IVF. A few embryonic cells are removed and screened for defective alleles. |
| *Embryo transplants | The simplest method of animal cloning. Cells are removed from a developing embryo, split apart and grown in culture, before being transplanted into host mothers. |
| Evolution | The gradual change in the inherited traits within a population over time. Occurs due to natural selection. |
| Evolutionary tree | A diagram which illustrates the evolutionary relationships between organisms. |
| Extinction | The death of all members of a species. |
| Family tree | A chart used to show the inheritance of a condition in a family. |
| Fertilisation | The fusion of the nucleus of male and female gametes. Restores the full chromosome number. |
| Fossil | The remains of dead organisms found in rocks which are millions of years old. |
| Gametes | Sex cells (sperm and egg cells) with half the usual number of chromosomes. |
| Gene | A section of DNA that codes for a specific sequence of amino acids which undergo polymerisation to form a protein. |
| Genetic engineering | The modification of the genome of an organism by the insertion of a desired gene from another organism, enabling the formation of organisms with beneficial characteristics. |
| Genome | The complete genetic material of an organism. |
| Genotype | An organism’s genetic composition. Describes all alleles. |
| GM crops | Crops that have had their genomes modified by the insertion of a desired gene from another organism. |
| Heterozygous | When someone has two different alleles of a gene e.g. Ff. |
| Homozygous | When someone has two identical alleles of a gene e.g. ff. |
| Inbreeding | The formation of offspring from the breeding of closely related individuals. |
| Linnaean system | The classification of organisms into kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species, as developed by Carl Linnaeus. |
| Meiosis | A form of cell division that produces gametes, non-identical cells with half the usual number of chromosomes. |
| Mitosis | A form of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells (with a full set of chromosomes) from one parent cell. |
| MRSA | A type of bacteria that is resistant to the antibiotic, methicillin. |
| Mutation | A random change in DNA which may result in genetic variants. |
| Natural selection | The process by which the frequency of advantageous traits passed on in genes gradually increases in a population over time. |
| *Non-coding DNA | DNA which does not code for a protein but instead controls gene expression. |
| *Nucleotide | The monomers of DNA consisting of a common sugar, a phosphate group and one of four chemical bases (A, T, C, G) attached to the sugar. |
| Phenotype | An organism’s observable characteristics. Due to interactions of the genotype and the environment. |
| Polydactyly | A condition where an individual is born with extra fingers or toes due to the presence of a dominant allele. |
| *Protein synthesis | The formation of a protein from a gene. |
| Punnett square | A grid used to predict the potential outcomes of a genetic cross. |
| Recessive | Describes an allele that is only expressed in the absence of a dominant allele. Represented by a small letter. |
| Ribosomes | Sub-cellular structures where protein synthesis takes place. |
| Selective breeding | The process by which humans artificially select organisms with desirable characteristics and breed them to produce offspring with desirable phenotypes. |
| Sex chromosomes | A pair of chromosomes responsible for the determination of gender. XY in males. XX in females. |
| Sexual reproduction | A form of reproduction involving the fusion of male and female gametes. Creates genetic variation. |
| *Speciation | The formation of new species in the course of evolution, often due to the evolution of two isolated populations. |
| Species | A group of similar organisms that are able to breed with one another to produce fertile offspring. |
| Three-domain system | A method of classification in which organisms are categorised into three groups; Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota. Developed by Carl Woese. |
| *Tissue culture | A method of growing living tissue or cells in a suitable medium to produce clone plants. |
| Variation | The differences between individuals due to genes, the environment or a combination of both. |
| Vector | A carrier used to transfer a gene from one organism to another. |
Created by:
Sprockles
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