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Topic 2
Cell Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell | basic, structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms |
| Cell Theory | all organisms are composed of one or more cells, cells are the smallest living things, and all cells come from pre-existing cells |
| Prokaryotes | contain no nucleus/other membrane-enclosed compartments and lack distinct organelles (bacteria) |
| Eukaryotes | a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles |
| Membrane | protective bubble layer around cells |
| Nuclear Region | directs activity of cell |
| Cytoplasm | gel-like fluid with dissolved molecules and organelles |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) | a cell network that makes and transports proteins and lipids |
| Rough E.R. | has ribosomes that synthesize proteins |
| Smooth E.R. | lacks ribosomes and is associated with lipids |
| Golgi Apparatus | modifies, packages, and ships proteins and lipids - receives materials from the rough ER via vesicles |
| Vesicles | shuttle materials from one organelles to another (transport vesicle) or to the plasma membrane (secretory vesicle) |
| Lysosomes | break down waste and old cell parts |
| Mitochondria | produce energy (ATP) for the cell, converts energy rich molecules to ATP |
| Chloroplasts (Plants) | use sunlight to make food through photosynthesis |
| Nucleus | contains chromosomes (DNA) and houses the site of DNA replication |
| Protein Transportation | made by ribosomes attached to the rER -> passes through the rER -> transported by the Golgi -> stored/carried in secretory vesicles -> released by exocytosis |
| Cytoskeleton | provides shape and structure to the cells |
| Actin Filaments | structure, movement |
| Intermediate Filaments | structure (bones) |
| Microtubules | structure, movement, is a "track" and attached to the vesicles |
| Kinesin Transport Protein | walks along microtubules |
| Cell Membrane | separates material outside the cell from inside, controls passage of material, main cell structural support |
| Diffusion | movement of molecules from high to low concentration without added energy |
| Equilibrium | occurs when the molecules or ions are randomly distributed |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of water across a cell membrane from high to low water concentration |
| Hypertonic Cells | an outside solution with a HIGHER concentration compared to the inside of a cell |
| Hypotonic Cells | a solution with a LOWER concentration compared to the inside of a cell |
| Isotonic | solute concentrations are EQUAL on the inside and outside of the cell |
| Channels | protein pores that let substances pass through the membrane |
| Carriers | proteins that bind substances and move them across the membrane |
| Active Transport | uses energy to move substances across a membrane against a concentration gradient |
| Endocytosis | the process where a cell takes material in by forming a vesicle |
| Exocytosis | a cell releases materials by fusing vesicles with the cell membrane |
| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis | a cell takes in specific molecules by binding them to receptors on the membrane |
| Plasma Membrane | lipid bilayer with proteins |
| Desmosomes | connect the cytoskeletons of cells |
| Tight Junctions | seal cells together |
| Gap Junctions | act as channels between cells |
| Neurotransmitters | influence adjacent cells |
| Hormones | information carrying molecules |
| Lipid-Soluble Hormoes | diffuse across the plasma membrane - can diffuse into lipids/do not like water |
| Lipid-Insoluble Hormones | does not cross the plasma membrane - cannot diffuse into lipids/ is water based |
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