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Endocrine System
Lecture Endocrine System Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Primary function of the endocrine system | Secretes hormones to regulate bodily processes, maintain homeostasis, and provide long-distance communication |
| How many primary endocrine glands do humans have? | Nine primary endocrine glands |
| How does the endocrine system compare to the nervous system? | Works more slowly, produces longer-lasting effects, and hormones can have multiple effects |
| How do the endocrine and nervous systems work together? | They act together in responses like fight-or-flight via adrenal glands |
| Hormone example: Oxytocin — main functions | Stimulates uterine contractions, milk release, and emotional bonding |
| What type of signals does the endocrine system use? | Chemical signals (hormones) |
| Endocrine vs nervous system response time | Endocrine responses are slower |
| Can one hormone have multiple effects? | Yes, depending on target cell receptors |
| What happens when danger is sensed? | Nervous system stimulates adrenal glands to release hormones |
| How many germ layers form endocrine structures? | Three (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) |
| Ectoderm-derived endocrine structures | Hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, pineal gland |
| Mesoderm-derived endocrine structures | Adrenal cortex, gonads, heart (ANP) |
| Endoderm-derived endocrine structures | Thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, liver, lungs |
| Name organs with secondary endocrine functions | Heart, kidneys, stomach, intestines, liver, skin, adipose tissue |
| Peptide/protein hormones — solubility & receptors | Water-soluble; bind to cell-surface receptors |
| Steroid hormones — solubility & receptors | Lipid-soluble; bind to intracellular receptors |
| Amines — source and solubility | Derived from amino acids; can be water- or lipid-soluble |
| Why is the hypothalamus-pituitary complex called the “command center”? | Coordinates nervous and endocrine systems |
| What are tropic hormones? | Hormones that regulate other endocrine glands |
| Where are posterior pituitary hormones produced? | Hypothalamus |
| Posterior pituitary hormones | Oxytocin and ADH |
| Function of ADH | Promotes water retention in kidneys |
| Regulation of posterior pituitary hormones | Nervous system and fluid balance |
| Growth Hormone (GH) — function | Growth Hormone (GH) — function |
| Disorders of GH excess | Gigantism (child), acromegaly (adult) |
| GH deficiency disorder | Hypopituitary dwarfism |
| Prolactin (PRL) — function | Stimulates milk production |
| FSH — function | Stimulates sperm and ova production |
| LH — function | Stimulates ovaries and testes |
| TSH — function | Stimulates thyroid gland |
| ACTH — function | Stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids |
| MSH — possible function | May influence fat metabolism |
| Endorphins — function | Inhibit pain perception |
| Posterior vs anterior pituitary key difference | Posterior stores hypothalamus hormones; anterior makes its own |
| Hormone that stimulates GH release | GHRH (Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone) |
| Hormone that inhibits GH | Somatostatin |
| How does GH act on tissues? | Directly or through growth factors |
| Thyroid hormones | T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) |
| Function of thyroid hormones | Regulate metabolism, growth, and development |
| What regulates thyroid hormone secretion? | TSH from anterior pituitary |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) — function | Increases blood calcium levels |
| Adrenal medulla hormones | Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Type of adrenal medulla hormones | Amines (tyrosine-derived) |
| Regulation of adrenal medulla | Nervous system |
| Fight-or-flight effects | ↑ HR, ↑ glucose, bronchodilation, blood shunted to muscles |
| Adrenal cortex hormones | Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex steroids |
| Regulation of adrenal cortex | ACTH from anterior pituitary |
| Pineal gland hormone | Melatonin |
| Function of melatonin | Regulates circadian rhythms and sleep |
| Ovarian hormones | Estrogen and progesterone |
| Testicular hormone | Testosterone |
| Placental hormones | Estrogen, progesterone, hCG |
| Insulin — function | Lowers blood glucose |
| Glucagon — function | Raises blood glucose |
| Type I diabetes cause | Autoimmune destruction of beta cells |
| Type II diabetes cause | Insulin resistance or reduced insulin production |
| Autocrine signaling | Hormone affects the same cell that secreted it |
| Paracrine signaling | Hormone affects nearby cells |
| Why can one hormone cause different effects? | Different receptors and signaling pathways |
| Epinephrine effect on liver cells | Glycogen → glucose release |
| Epinephrine effect on skeletal muscle vessels | Vasodilation |
| Epinephrine effect on intestinal vessels | Vasoconstriction |
| What does embryonic development give rise to? | All tissues in the body |
| What is histology? | The study of tissues |
| Name the four major tissue types | Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
| Function of epithelial tissue | Covers surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands |
| Function of connective tissue | Supports, binds, and protects (includes bone, cartilage, blood) |
| Function of muscle tissue | Produces movement |
| Function of nervous tissue | Transmits electrical signals |
| What type of tissue is blood? | Connective tissue |
| Blood function: transportation | Moves hormones, gases (O₂, CO₂), nutrients, and wastes |
| Blood function: defense | Immune cells protect against disease |
| Blood function: homeostasis | Regulates pH, temperature, and fluid balance |
| Why does blood flow to skin during exercise? | To release heat and lower body temperature |
| Two main components of blood | Formed elements and plasma |
| What are formed elements? | RBCs, WBCs, platelets |
| Erythrocytes function | Oxygen transport |
| Leukocytes function | Immune defense |
| Platelets function | Blood clotting |
| What is plasma? | Liquid matrix of blood |
| What does hematocrit measure? | Percentage of RBCs in blood |
| What does a CBC measure? | Number of blood cells and hemoglobin levels |
| What is hematopoiesis? | Blood cell production |
| Where does hematopoiesis occur? | Red bone marrow |
| Where is red marrow found in adults? | Pelvis, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, proximal long bones |
| Where is yellow marrow found? | Long bones |
| Function of hematopoietic growth factors | Stimulate blood cell production |
| What is differentiation? | Cell matures and loses ability to become multiple cell types |
| Main function of RBCs | Transport oxygen |
| Hemoglobin is made of what? | Globin and heme |
| How many globin chains are in hemoglobin? | Four |
| What binds oxygen in hemoglobin? | Iron in the heme group |
| Lifespan of an erythrocyte | About 120 days |
| Where are RBCs broken down? | Liver and spleen |
| What is sickle cell anemia? | Genetic disorder producing abnormal hemoglobin HbS |
| Shape of RBCs in sickle cell anemia | Sickle or crescent-shaped |
| When do RBCs sickle most? | Low oxygen conditions |
| Complications of sickle cell anemia | Pain, strokes, blindness, blocked capillaries |
| Most common type of anemia | Iron-deficiency anemia |
| Cause of iron-deficiency anemia | Inability to form heme |
| Megaloblastic anemia cause | B12 and/or folate deficiency |
| Pernicious anemia cause | Poor absorption of vitamin B12 |
| Aplastic anemia cause | Insufficient RBC stem cells |
| Thalassemia cause | Inherited disorder; RBCs do not mature normally |
| Effect of lead exposure on blood | Destroys red bone marrow |
| Primary function of WBCs | Defend against microorganisms and abnormal cells |
| Normal WBC count | 5,000–10,000 per microliter of blood |
| Are WBCs larger or smaller than RBCs? | Larger |
| Which blood cells have nuclei? | Leukocytes |
| Do WBCs stay in bloodstream? | No, they leave to fight infection |
| What is positive chemotaxis? | Movement toward infection or injury |
| Two types of leukocytes | Granular and agranular |
| Type of immunity leukocytes provide | Non-specific and specific immune defense |
| What are platelets? | Cell fragments involved in clotting |
| Purpose of hemostasis | Prevents hemorrhage (excessive bleeding) |
| First step of hemostasis | Vascular spasm |
| Second step of hemostasis | Platelet plug formation |
| Third step of hemostasis | Coagulation (clotting) |
| Protein mesh that forms a clot | Fibrin |
| Name one clotting factor | Fibrinogen / Prothrombin / Calcium (any) |
| What is an anticoagulant? | Substance that opposes clotting |
| TFPI function | Blocks activation of factor VII |
| Antithrombin function | Inactivates factor X |
| Heparin function | Opposes prothrombin |
| Warfarin effect | Reduces vitamin K–dependent clotting factors |
| Aspirin effect | Inhibits platelet aggregation |
| Hemophilia | Missing clotting factors |
| Thrombocytosis | Excess platelets |
| Thrombophilia | Excessive clotting |
| Blood typing is based on what? | Surface antigens on RBCs |
| Rh-positive blood | Rh antigen present |
| Rh-negative blood | Rh antigen absent |
Created by:
mdonovan8742
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