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2.1.2 vocab terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hypothermia | an involuntary drop in core body temperature to below 35°C (95°F) |
| hyperthermia | a condition where the body’s core temperature is abnormally high due to failed thermoregulation |
| thermometer | an essential, precise instrument used to measure the temperature of the human body, biological samples, or experimental environments |
| beats per minute | the unit of measurement for heart rate, indicating how many times the heart contracts (beats) in one minute |
| pulse | the rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery, produced by pressure waves from the ejection of blood as the heart's left ventricle contracts |
| tachycardia | an abnormally fast heart rate, typically exceeding 100 beats per minute (bpm) at rest in adults |
| bradycardia | an abnormally slow resting heart rate, generally falling below 60 beats per minute (BPM) in adults |
| radial artery | a major, superficial blood vessel in the forearm that carries oxygenated blood from the brachial artery to the hand. |
| carotid artery | vital neck vessels supplying oxygenated blood to the brain, head, and face |
| breaths per minute | a fundamental, non-invasive vital sign that measures the number of times a person inhales and exhales in one minute |
| inspiration | the approach of looking to nature’s designs, processes, and systems to create innovative materials, devices, and solutions for medical challenges |
| expiration | the physiological process of releasing air from the lungs to the external environment, crucial for gas exchange and maintaining blood pH |
| pulse oximeter | noninvasive, biomedical device used to continuously or spot-check a person's arterial blood oxygen saturation (\(SpO_{2}\)) and pulse rate |
| oxygen | a fundamental element and a critical, life-sustaining molecule necessary for aerobic metabolism, energy production (ATP synthesis), and cellular signaling |
| carbon dioxide | a vital waste product of metabolism, crucial for maintaining blood pH balance (acid-base balance) via the bicarbonate buffer system, and regulates breathing |
| hemoglobin | a critical iron-containing protein found in the red blood cells (erythrocytes) of vertebrates, primarily responsible for transporting oxygen from the respiratory organs (lungs or gills) to the rest of the body |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells |
| sphygmomanometer | the primary, non-invasive tool for determining systolic and diastolic blood pressure |
| systole / systolic | is the phase of the cardiac cycle during which the heart muscle (myocardium) contracts, specifically forcing blood out of the chambers and into the aorta and pulmonary artery |
| diastole / diastolic | he phase of the cardiac cycle in which the heart muscle (myocardium) relaxes, allowing the chambers to dilate and fill with blood |
| mmHg | millimeters of mercury, which is a manometric unit used to measure pressure, particularly within the human body. |
| korotkoff sounds | the specific, pulsating noises heard through a stethoscope during the non-invasive measurement of blood pressure, typically over the brachial artery in the arm |
| brachial artery | the major blood vessel supplying oxygenated blood to the upper arm, forearm, and hand |
| hypertension | a chronic medical condition characterized by persistently elevated force exerted by blood against the walls of the systemic arteries |
| hypotension | abnormally low arterial blood pressure, generally recognized as a reading below 90/60 mmHg |
| stethescope | an acoustic medical device used for auscultation, or listening to internal body sounds like heartbeats, breathing, and intestinal activity, by amplifying faint noises to help diagnose conditions by assessing organ function and blood flow |
| electrocardiogram | a non-invasive test that records the heart's electrical activity, revealing its rate, rhythm, and chamber function by detecting electrical signals on the skin, helping diagnose heart attacks, arrhythmias, and other heart conditions |
| body mass index (BMI) | a widely used screening tool that estimates body fat by dividing weight (kg) by height (m²) to categorize individuals as underweight, normal, overweight, or obese |
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