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The Endocrine System
Lab Exam 1 Study Guide
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are the two major regulatory systems of the body? | Nervous system and endocrine system. |
| How do the nervous and endocrine systems regulate the body? | By coordinating activities of nearly all body structures using hormones. |
| What does “endo-” mean? | Within. |
| What does “crino” mean? | To secrete. |
| What is an endocrine gland? | A gland that secretes hormones into the bloodstream to affect distant target tissues. |
| What are hormones? | Chemical messengers transported by the bloodstream. |
| What do hormones affect? | Specific target cells with appropriate receptors. |
| What do hormones regulate? | Metabolic activity, growth, reproduction, and homeostasis. |
| How are hormones transported? | Released into the blood and circulated throughout the body. |
| Can amino acid–based hormones cross the cell membrane? | No. |
| How do amino acid–based hormones act? | Bind to membrane receptors and use second messenger systems (like cAMP). |
| Are amino acid–based hormones fast or slow? | Fast-acting, short-lived. |
| What are steroid hormones derived from? | Cholesterol. |
| Can steroid hormones cross the cell membrane? | Yes, they diffuse through. |
| Where do steroid hormones bind? | Intracellular receptors. |
| How do steroid hormones work? | Cause direct gene activation. |
| Are steroid hormones fast or slow? | Slower onset, longer-lasting effects. |
| What are tropic hormones? | Hormones that regulate secretion of other endocrine glands. |
| Where are tropic hormones mainly produced? | Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. |
| What do hormones influence? | Metabolism, growth, reproduction, electrolyte/water balance, and defenses. |
| What causes endocrine disorders? | Hyposecretion or hypersecretion of hormones. |
| What hormone stimulates TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone) release? | TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone). |
| What hormone stimulates FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) and LH (Luteinizing Hormone) release? | GnRH. (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone) |
| What stimulates growth hormone release? | GHRH. (Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone) |
| What stimulates ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) release? | CRH. (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone) |
| What inhibits growth hormone (and TSH) release? | GHIH (Somatostatin). |
| What inhibits prolactin secretion? | PIH (Dopamine). |
| Where is the pituitary gland located? | In the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. |
| What is the pituitary gland called? | The “Master Gland.” |
| What does GH (Growth Hormone) do? | Stimulates growth, protein synthesis, and increases blood glucose. |
| What does TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone) do? | Stimulates thyroid to release T3 and T4. |
| What does ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) do? | Stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol. |
| What does prolactin do? | Stimulates milk production. |
| What does FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) do? | Stimulates ovarian follicles (females) and sperm production (males). |
| What does LH (Luteinizing Hormone) do? | Triggers ovulation (females) and testosterone production (males). |
| What does MSH (Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone) do? | Stimulates melanin production. |
| Where are OT (Oxytocin) and ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) produced? | In the hypothalamus. |
| What does oxytocin do? | Stimulates labor contractions and milk ejection. |
| What does ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) do? | Increases water reabsorption in kidneys, reducing urine output. |
| GH (Growth Hormone) hyposecretion in children causes? | Pituitary dwarfism. |
| GH (Growth Hormone) hypersecretion in children's causes? | Gigantism. |
| GH (Growth Hormone) hypersecretion in adults causes? | Acromegaly. |
| ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) hyposecretion causes? | Diabetes insipidus. |
| ADH(Antidiuretic Hormone) hypersecretion causes? | SIADH. |
| Which hormone is released in the greatest amount? | T4 (Thyroxine). |
| Which hormone is more active? | T3 (Triiodothyronine). |
| What does T3 do? | Increases metabolic rate, oxygen consumption, heat production, and supports growth. |
| Hyposecretion in children causes? | Cretinism. |
| Hyposecretion in adults causes? | Myxedema. |
| Autoimmune hypothyroidism is called? | Hashimoto’s disease. |
| Hyperthyroidism with weight loss and exophthalmos is? | Grave’s disease. |
| Calcitonin’s major role in humans? | No major role. |
| At high doses, calcitonin does what? | Increases calcium deposition in bone. |
| What does PTH (Parathyroid Hormone ) do? | Increases blood calcium. |
| What stimulates PTH( Parathyroid Hormone ) ? | Osteoclasts, renal reabsorption, and vitamin D activation. |
| Hypoparathyroidism causes? | Tetany and convulsions. |
| Hyperparathyroidism causes? | Bone demineralization. |
| Aldosterone does what? | Retains Na+ and water; excretes K+. |
| Cortisol does what? | Stress response, metabolism, immune suppression. |
| Androgens do what? | Pubic hair and libido (mainly in females). |
| Adrenal medulla hormones are? | Epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| Addison’s disease symptoms? | Fatigue, dehydration, hypotension, hyperpigmentation. |
| Cushing’s syndrome symptoms? | Moon face, buffalo hump, diabetes. |
| Aldosteronism symptoms? | Hypertension and hypokalemia. |
| Hirsutism is? | Excess hair growth in females. |
| Virilization is? | Masculine traits in females/children. |
| Beta cells produce? | Insulin (lowers blood glucose). |
| Alpha cells produce? | Glucagon (raises blood glucose). |
| Pancreatic exocrine function? | Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes. |
| Diabetes mellitus is? | Insulin deficiency or resistance. |
| Hypoglycemia is? | Excess insulin. |
| Pineal gland hormone? | Melatonin. |
| Melatonin regulates? | Circadian rhythms. |
| Melatonin increases when? | In darkness. |
| Testes hormone? | Testosterone. |
| Ovaries hormones? | Estrogen and progesterone. |
| Placenta hormones? | Estrogen, progesterone, hCG. |
| Thymus hormones? | Thymosin, thymulin, thymopoietins. |
| Thymus function? | Essential for T-cell development. |
| Leptin does what? | Signals satiety and decreases appetite. |
| Resistin does what? | Causes insulin resistance. |
| Adiponectin does what? | Enhances insulin sensitivity. |
| Gastrin does what? | Stimulates HCl secretion and motility. |
| Ghrelin does what? | Stimulates appetite. |
| Secretin does what? | Stimulates bicarbonate release from pancreas and bile production. |
| CCK (Cholecystokinin) does what? | Stimulates pancreatic enzymes and gallbladder contraction. |
| GIP (Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide) does what? | Stimulates insulin after oral glucose. |
| ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide) does what? | Lowers BP by increasing sodium/water excretion. |
| EPO (Erythropoietin) does what? | Stimulates RBC production. |
| Renin does what? | Raises BP via RAAS. |
| Calcitriol does what? | increases Ca and phosphate absorption. |
| IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor ) does what? | Mediates growth hormone effects. |
| Angiotensinogen does what? | Raises BP via RAAS. |
| Thrombopoietin does what? | Stimulates platelet production. |
| Hepcidin does what? | Regulates iron by blocking release. |
| Osteocalcin does what? | Increases insulin secretion and sensitivity. |
| Cholecalciferol is? | Inactive vitamin D precursor made in skin. |
| What are the three main functions of blood? | Transport, regulation, protection |
| What does blood transport? | O₂ and nutrients to tissues; CO₂ and wastes to respiratory and urinary systems |
| How does blood help regulate the body? | Maintains homeostasis of temperature, pH, and fluid volume |
| How does blood provide protection? | Prevents blood loss (hemostasis) and fights infection |
| What type of tissue is blood? | Connective tissue |
| Why is blood unique among connective tissues? | It is the only fluid connective tissue |
| What is the extracellular matrix of blood? | Plasma |
| What are the formed elements of blood? | Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets |
| What percentage of plasma is water? | 90% |
| What percentage of plasma is plasma proteins? | 8% |
| What are the three major plasma proteins? | Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen |
| What is the function of albumin? | Maintains osmotic pressure |
| What are globulins responsible for? | Transport and immunity (alpha, beta, gamma) |
| What is fibrinogen’s role? | Blood clotting |
| Name major electrolytes in plasma. | Na⁺, Cl⁻, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, PO₄⁻, SO₄⁻, bicarbonate |
| What nutrients are found in plasma? | Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, cholesterol, vitamins |
| What respiratory gases are transported in plasma? | O₂ and CO₂ |
| How are steroid and thyroid hormones transported? | Bound to plasma proteins |
| What are nonprotein nitrogenous wastes? | Urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonium salts |
| What is serum? | Plasma without clotting factors |
| Where are formed elements produced? | Red bone marrow |
| What is hematopoiesis? | Formation of blood cells from stem cells |
| Where do leukocytes migrate to perform immune functions? | Loose connective (areolar) and lymphoid (reticular) tissues |
| What three characteristics maximize oxygen transport? | Biconcave shape, no nucleus, high hemoglobin content |
| What percentage of RBC contents is hemoglobin (excluding water)? | 97% |
| Why don’t RBCs use the oxygen they carry? | They rely on anaerobic metabolism |
| What protein gives RBCs flexibility? | Spectrin |
| Normal RBC count in males? | 4–6 million cells/μL |
| Normal RBC count in females? | 4–5 million cells/μL |
| Average lifespan of an erythrocyte? | 100–120 days |
| What hormone stimulates RBC production? | Erythropoietin (EPO) |
| Low oxygen levels trigger what process? | EPO release → erythropoiesis |
| What is anemia? | Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity |
| Causes of anemia due to decreased RBC production? | Iron-deficiency, pernicious, renal, aplastic |
| Anemia caused by excessive RBC destruction? | Hemolytic anemia |
| Anemia caused by abnormal hemoglobin? | Thalassemia, sickle cell disease |
| What is polycythemia? | Excessive RBC count |
| Two major categories of leukocytes? | Granulocytes and agranulocytes |
| What are granulocytes? | WBCs with visible granules |
| Three types of granulocytes? | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| Neutrophils stain what color? | Lilac |
| Eosinophils stain what color? | Red/orange |
| Basophils stain what color? | Blue |
| Which granulocytes can perform diapedesis? | Neutrophils and eosinophils |
| Two types of agranulocytes? | Lymphocytes and monocytes |
| Lymphocytes stain what color? | Pale blue with large nucleus |
| Monocytes stain what color? | Gray-blue |
| Function of neutrophils? | Phagocytize bacteria |
| Function of eosinophils? | Kill parasitic worms; allergic reactions |
| Function of basophils? | Release inflammatory chemicals and heparin |
| Function of lymphocytes? | Adaptive immunity |
| T-lymphocytes role? | Direct cell attack |
| B-lymphocytes role? | Antibody production |
| What do monocytes become in tissues? | Macrophages |
| What is a differential WBC count used for? | Detecting disease |
| Increased eosinophils indicate? | Allergies or parasitic infection |
| ncreased neutrophils indicate? | Bacterial infection |
| Increased lymphocytes indicate? | Viral infection |
| What are leukemias? | Cancers of blood-forming tissues |
| What is leukopenia? | Low WBC count |
| What causes infectious mononucleosis? | Viral infection (EBV) |
| What are platelets? | Cell fragments of megakaryocytes |
| What substances do platelets contain? | Serotonin, Ca²⁺, ADP, PDGF, enzymes |
| What hormone regulates platelet production? | Thrombopoietin |
| Primary function of platelets? | Hemostasis |
| Three steps of hemostasis? | vascular spasm, platelet plug, coagulation |
| What initiates coagulation? | Tissue factor (TF) and platelet factor 3 (PF3) |
| Prothrombin is converted into what? | Thrombin |
| Thrombin converts fibrinogen into what? | Fibrin |
| What forms the clot meshwork? | Fibrin fibers trapping RBCs |
| What is a thrombus? | Clot in an unbroken vessel |
| What is an embolus? | Free-floating clot |
| What is thrombocytopenia? | Low platelet count |
| What is hemophilia? | Genetic clotting disorder |
| What is DIC? | Disseminated intravascular coagulation |
| Why are blood types clinically important? | Transfusions and medical procedures |
| What are self-antigens (agglutinogens)? | RBC surface glycoproteins |
| What are antibodies (agglutinins)? | Proteins that bind antigens |
| Type A blood has what antigen and antibody? | A antigen, anti-B antibody |
| Type B blood? | B antigen, anti-A antibody |
| Type AB blood? | A & B antigens, no antibodies |
| Type O blood? | No antigens, anti-A and anti-B antibodies |
| What does Rh positive mean? | Rh antigen present |
| How many total blood types exist with ABO + Rh? | 8 |
| Universal donor? | O⁻ |
| Universal recipient? | AB⁺ |
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mdonovan8742
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