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cell structure
biol 1210
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell theory | 1. all organisms (living things) consist of cells. 2. all cells are derived from pre-existing cells |
| why are cells the fundamental unit of life? | cells r the smallest form of life that have all the features of life & compose all living organisms; All biological processing of organisms occurs, at minimum, at the cellular level; beyond cells are organelles, which cannot live on their own |
| what determines cell size? | minimum size: space needed for necessary parts of reproduction & survival, maximum size: amount of nutrients required & amount of wastes produced |
| surface area and material exchange in cells | rate of material exchange in/out of cell is related to surface area. More SA = more nutrients can be obtains, but higher volume = more nutrients needed. Cells must have a sufficiently large SA/V ratio |
| plasma membrane function for cell | separates internal & external environment, selectively permeable, involved in waste disposal & secretory processes |
| chromosome function for cell | strands of DNA that carry genes & allow replication of cell |
| features of prokaryotic cells | small, simple, no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, 1/10th size of eukaryotic cell, less DNA, Domain Bacteria & Archaea |
| features of eukaryotic cells | large, complex, have nucleus, cytoskeleton & membrane-bound organelles, more DNA, Domain Eukarya |
| structures of prokaryotic cells | plasma membrane, rigid cell wall, may have a capsule (tough, sticky wall enclosing cell wall), nucleoid (region w genetic material), appendages fimbriae (little hairs) & flagella (tail) |
| similarities of prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells | genetic material, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, ribosomes |
| organelles in animal cells only (missing in plants) | centrosomes (center of cell's microtubules) |
| organelles in plant cells only (missing in animals) | cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole |
| nucleus structure | largest organelle, separated by cytoplasm by nuclear envelope which is made of 2 lipid bilayers (inner & outer membrane), nuclear pores in the envelope, inner nucleolus region. Filled with chromatin |
| function of nucleus, nuclear pores & nucleolus | nucleus houses DNA, pores regulate entry/exit of substances, nucleolus is region where ribosomal RNA is synthesized & ribosome subunits are assembled |
| chromatin | DNA & proteins in the nucleus |
| why does DNA condense into chromatin and then into chromosomes? | chromatin - save space in nucleus, chromosomes - when the cell is dividing in order to pack more DNA into the growing cell, saving space & energy |
| ribosomes structure & function | particles made of ribosomal RNA & protein, conduct protein synthesis. Free-floating in cytoplasm or embedded in the rough ER |
| why is mRNA necessary? | mRNA is a temporary copy of DNA used to message ribosomes to tell them what to synthesize; it is needed because DNA cannot leave the nucleus |
| endomembrane system function & organelles involved | manufacture, distribute & break down cell products; carrying info from the nucleus to the cell membrane. Incl. nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles & vesicles, cell membrane |
| endoplasmic reticulum structure & function | network of membrane continuous with the outer layer of the nuclear envelope & visible next to nucleus, interior space distinct from cytoplasm. Incl. Rough ER (has ribosomes embedded) & smooth ER (no ribosomes embedded) |
| smooth ER function | synthesis of lipids (mostly steroids), calcium storage, in some cells: regulated carbohydrate metabolism & breaks down toxins/drugs (makes them easier to excrete from body) |
| rough ER function | manufactures membrane & ribosomes on its surface produce proteins destined to be outside cell/on cell surface |
| golgi apparatus structure & function | consists of stacks of membranous stacks that receive and modify products from ER, then sends them to other organelles/cell membrane. Modifies, sorts & ships proteins in vesicles |
| lysosome structure & function | sacs of digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes that fuse with food vacuoles containing particles/bacteria from phagocytosis, or fuse w vesicles containing damaged organelles (autophagy) |
| vacuoles structure & function | particularly large vesicles (sacs) that transport materials around the cell/have diverse roles ex. may be food vacuoles or in plants, a central vacuole |
| central vacuole in plants | absorbs water, stores vital chemicals/nutrients, quarantines toxic waste products |
| peroxisomes (unlikely to be tested) | specialized metabolic compartments (not part of endomembrane system). Have a "crystal" core that conducts metabolic reactions ex. reducing oxidative stress |
| mitochondria and chloroplast similarities | both produce energy for the cell (transform energy into useable forms), are not part of the endomembrane system, have a double membrane, have proteins made by free ribosomes & contain their own DNA |
| mitochondria structure | 2 membranes & 2 internal compartments: intermembrane space & inner space that is mitochondrial matrix. Inner membrane is highly folded into cristae & embedded with proteins for ATP synthesis |
| mitochondria function & in animal or plant cells | sites of cellular respiration - chemical energy harvested from food & stored as ATP (chemical energy -> chemical energy). Energy processing in animal & plant cells |
| chloroplast structure | 2 membranes, intermembrane space & inner compartment w stroma (fluid) & thylakoids (contain chlorophyll) stacked in grana. |
| chloroplast function & in animal or plant cells | sites of photosynthesis - conversion of solar energy -> chemical energy. In plants & algae |
| cytoskeleton structure & functions | a network of fibers that run throughout the cell. Establishes & maintains cell shape, provides mechanical strength, involved in locomotion, chromosome separation during cell division & intracellular transport of organelles |
| 3 types of fiber in cytoskeleton from thin to thick & what each does | microfilaments of actin associated with myosin enable cells to change shape or move, intermediate filaments that reinforce the cell & anchor certain organelles, and microtubules that provide cell rigidity, anchors & tracks for organelle movement |
| 2 processes that require actin & myosin | cytokinesis in animals (cell division), cytoplasmic streaming in plants (move cytoplasm/organelles around cell) |
| locomotor appendages of cell | cilia & flagella, both made of microtubules wrapped in extension of cell membrane. Flagella - longer, fewer, whiplike motion; cilia - shorter, many, coordinated paddlelike motion. |
| how do cells interact with eachother/their environment? | by their cell surfaces, which protect, support & join cells. |
| extracellular matrix | sticky layer of glycoprotein that embeds animal cells. It binds cells together in tissues and has protective & supportive functions |
| types of cell-cell junctions in animals | tight junctions - bind cells together into leak-proof sheets. Anchoring junction (aka desmosomes) bind animal cells to each other. Gap junctions - allow substances (small ions/molecules) to flow between & from cell to cell |
| plant cell walls & junctions | rigid cell walls of cellulose. Plant cells are connected by plasmodesmata - channels of cytoplasm that permeate the cell walls & allow cells to share water, food & chemical messages |
| dif. between bacteria & plant cell walls | bacteria cell walls are made mostly of peptidoglycan while plant cell walls are made of cellulose |
Created by:
AntBanana
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