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cell structure

biol 1210

QuestionAnswer
cell theory 1. all organisms (living things) consist of cells. 2. all cells are derived from pre-existing cells
why are cells the fundamental unit of life? cells r the smallest form of life that have all the features of life & compose all living organisms; All biological processing of organisms occurs, at minimum, at the cellular level; beyond cells are organelles, which cannot live on their own
what determines cell size? minimum size: space needed for necessary parts of reproduction & survival, maximum size: amount of nutrients required & amount of wastes produced
surface area and material exchange in cells rate of material exchange in/out of cell is related to surface area. More SA = more nutrients can be obtains, but higher volume = more nutrients needed. Cells must have a sufficiently large SA/V ratio
plasma membrane function for cell separates internal & external environment, selectively permeable, involved in waste disposal & secretory processes
chromosome function for cell strands of DNA that carry genes & allow replication of cell
features of prokaryotic cells small, simple, no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, 1/10th size of eukaryotic cell, less DNA, Domain Bacteria & Archaea
features of eukaryotic cells large, complex, have nucleus, cytoskeleton & membrane-bound organelles, more DNA, Domain Eukarya
structures of prokaryotic cells plasma membrane, rigid cell wall, may have a capsule (tough, sticky wall enclosing cell wall), nucleoid (region w genetic material), appendages fimbriae (little hairs) & flagella (tail)
similarities of prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells genetic material, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, ribosomes
organelles in animal cells only (missing in plants) centrosomes (center of cell's microtubules)
organelles in plant cells only (missing in animals) cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole
nucleus structure largest organelle, separated by cytoplasm by nuclear envelope which is made of 2 lipid bilayers (inner & outer membrane), nuclear pores in the envelope, inner nucleolus region. Filled with chromatin
function of nucleus, nuclear pores & nucleolus nucleus houses DNA, pores regulate entry/exit of substances, nucleolus is region where ribosomal RNA is synthesized & ribosome subunits are assembled
chromatin DNA & proteins in the nucleus
why does DNA condense into chromatin and then into chromosomes? chromatin - save space in nucleus, chromosomes - when the cell is dividing in order to pack more DNA into the growing cell, saving space & energy
ribosomes structure & function particles made of ribosomal RNA & protein, conduct protein synthesis. Free-floating in cytoplasm or embedded in the rough ER
why is mRNA necessary? mRNA is a temporary copy of DNA used to message ribosomes to tell them what to synthesize; it is needed because DNA cannot leave the nucleus
Created by: AntBanana
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