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Biology
Biology final exam review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biology Semester 1 Final Exam – Filled Study Guide | |
| Unit 1: Experimental Design & Characteristics of Life | |
| 1. Biology: The study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and the environment. | |
| 2. Levels of Organization (smallest → largest): | |
| Atom → Molecule → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism | |
| 3. Variables | |
| Independent variable: The factor that is changed by the experimenter. | |
| Dependent variable: The factor that is measured or observed. | |
| 4. Experimental Design | |
| Control group: Group not exposed to the independent variable. | |
| Experimental group: Group exposed to the independent variable. | |
| Constants: Factors kept the same to ensure a fair test. | |
| 5. Smallest unit of life: The cell, because it can carry out all life processes. | |
| 6. Six Life Processes: | |
| Metabolism | |
| Growth | |
| Reproduction | |
| Response to stimuli | |
| Homeostasis | |
| Organization | |
| 7. Four criteria for life: | |
| Made of cells | |
| Uses energy (metabolism) | |
| Maintains homeostasis | |
| Reproduces | |
| 8. Hypothesis vs Theory vs Law | |
| Hypothesis: A testable prediction. | |
| Theory: A well-supported explanation. | |
| Law: A statement describing a natural relationship. | |
| 9. Graphs | |
| Types: Line, bar, pie | |
| Independent variable: X-axis | |
| Dependent variable: Y-axis | |
| 10. Homeostasis: Maintaining stable internal conditions (example: sweating to cool down). | |
| 11. Biogenesis vs Spontaneous Generation: Redi showed maggots come from flies, proving life comes from life. | |
| 15. Energy from food: Food is digested, nutrients absorbed into the bloodstream, transported to cells, and used in cellular respiration. | |
| 16. Reproduction | |
| Sexual: Two parents, genetic variation. | |
| Asexual: One parent, identical offspring. | |
| 17. Respiration | |
| A. Respiration: Releasing energy from food. | |
| B. Plants respire through stomata. | |
| C. Fish respire using gills. | |
| Unit 2: Cells & Transport | |
| 1. Cytology: Study of cells. | |
| 2. Cell Theory: | |
| All living things are made of cells. | |
| Cells are the basic unit of life. | |
| Cells come from pre-existing cells. | |
| 3. Surface Area to Volume: Cells must stay small to efficiently exchange materials. | |
| 4. Cell too large: Transport becomes inefficient; cell divides. | |
| 5. Plant vs Animal Cells: Plants have cell walls, chloroplasts, and large vacuoles. | |
| 6. Prokaryote vs Eukaryote: Prokaryotes lack nucleus; eukaryotes have nucleus and organelles. | |
| 7. Classification | |
| Plants, animals, fungi, protists → Eukaryotes | |
| Bacteria → Prokaryotes | |
| 8. Organelles: | |
| Cell membrane: Controls entry/exit | |
| Cell wall: Support | |
| Chloroplast: Photosynthesis | |
| Cytoplasm: Holds organelles | |
| Golgi: Packages proteins | |
| Mitochondria: Energy production | |
| Nucleus: DNA control | |
| Ribosome: Protein synthesis | |
| Vacuole: Storage | |
| ER: Protein/lipid transport | |
| Vesicle: Transport | |
| 10. Selectively permeable: Allows some substances through. | |
| 14. Active vs Passive: Active requires energy; passive does not. | |
| 15. Diffusion vs Osmosis: Diffusion = solutes; osmosis = water. | |
| 18. Movement: High → low concentration. | |
| 19. Goal of diffusion: Equilibrium. | |
| 20. Goal of osmosis: Equal water concentration. | |
| 21. Egg Lab: Egg shrank in corn syrup, swelled in water due to osmosis. | |
| Unit 3: Biochemistry | |
| 1. Organic: Contains carbon. | |
| 2. Atom: Protons (+), neutrons (0), electrons (-). | |
| 3. Element vs Compound: Element = one type of atom; compound = bonded elements. | |
| 4. Carbon bonding: Forms 4 covalent bonds; chains and rings. | |
| 6. Elements of life: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur (CHNOPS) | |
| 7. Molecules: | |
| Proteins: CHON | |
| Lipids: CHO | |
| Carbs: CHO | |
| 8. Uses | |
| Proteins: enzymes, muscles | |
| Lipids: energy storage, insulation | |
| Carbs: quick energy | |
| 9. Foods | |
| Protein: meat, eggs | |
| Lipids: oils, butter | |
| Carbs: bread, pasta | |
| 10. Mono/Di/Poly: One, two, many sugars. | |
| 11. Lipids energy: Many C-H bonds store energy. | |
| 12. Energy unit: Calorie | |
| 13. Energy per gram: | |
| Carbs: 4 cal | |
| Protein: 4 cal | |
| Lipids: 9 cal | |
| 14. Monomers/Polymers: Small units build large molecules; lipids lack repeating monomers. | |
| 15. Dehydration synthesis: Builds polymers by removing water. | |
| 16. Hydrolysis: Breaks polymers using water. | |
| 18. ATP: Energy molecule for cells. | |
| Ecology (SGI) | |
| Population estimate (mark & recapture): 200 fish | |
| Quadrat: Used for plants or immobile organisms. | |
| Mark & Recapture: Used for mobile animals. | |
| Populations: Maple trees, lions, fish in pond | |
| Growth curves: | |
| Exponential = J | |
| Logistic = S | |
| Fastest growth: Middle of logistic curve. | |
| Abiotic vs Biotic: | |
| Rainfall (A), bacteria (B), grass (B), oxygen (A), snakes (B), wind (A) | |
| Fishery: Area where fish are harvested. | |
| Intrinsic growth rate (r): Population growth potential. | |
| High r: Rabbits | |
| Low r**: Elephants | |
| Brood parasite: Organism lays eggs in another’s nest (cowbird). | |
| Inbreeding risk: Low genetic diversity. | |
| Ecosystem: Living and nonliving interactions. | |
| Biodiversity: Variety of life; increases stability. | |
| Producer: Makes own food (plants). | |
| Consumer: Eats others. | |
| Photosynthesis: CO₂ + H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ (chloroplast) | |
| Cellular respiration: C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + ATP (mitochondria) | |
| 10% rule: Only ~10% energy transferred. | |
| Decomposers: Break down matter (bacteria, fungi). | |
| Carbon cycle: Photosynthesis removes CO₂; respiration adds CO₂. | |
| Global warming: Increase in Earth’s average temperature due to greenhouse gases. | |
| Invasive species: Non-native species that disrupt ecosystems. | |
| Aquaculture: Farming fish; increases food but may pollute. | |
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