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Unit 6
Functions of Cells and Genes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| nucleus | control center for the cell contains genetic information; found in plant and animal cells |
| nucleolus | ribosome factory found in the nucleus of plant and animal cells |
| vacuole | stores food, water, and waste in plant and animal cells |
| mithochondria | turns glucose into energy for the cell; powerhouse of the cell |
| chloroplast | green, chlorophyll containing organelle that is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells |
| cell wall | rigid outer layer that provides structure and support for plant cells |
| cell membrane | controls/regulates what goes into and out of plant and animal cells |
| ribosomes | organelle responsible for protein synthesis; found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells |
| endoplasmic recticulum | system of membranes around the nucleus responsible for several functions including transporting proteins; found in plant and animal cells; can be rough or smooth depending on the presence of ribosomes |
| cytoplasm | gel-like substance found throughout plant and animal cells |
| lysosome | organelle responsible for recycling or getting rid of worn out cell parts |
| organization of living things | cells-tissues-organs-organ systems-organisms |
| cell theory part 1 | all living things are composed of cells |
| cell theory part 2 | cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things |
| cell theory part 3 | new cells come from pre-existing cells |
| gene | segment or section of DNA that encodes for specific and complete proteins |
| Mendel | performed extensive experiments on pea plants, publishing his findings in 1866. |
| chromosomes | any of the rod-shaped or threadlike DNA-containing structures of cellular organisms that contain all or most of the genes of the organism; located in the nucleus of eukaryotes and are usually ring-shaped in prokaryotes |
| DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) | the complex molecule carrying the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms, structured as a double helix (twisted ladder) |
| alleles | different versions of the same gene, existing at the same spot (location) on a chromosome |
| homozygous | having two identical alleles (gene versions) for a specific trait, leading to a consistent, predictable physical appearance (phenotype) dominant:AA recessive: aa |
| heterozygous | traits where an individual has two different versions (alleles) of the same gene, one from each parent, often resulting in the dominant allele's trait being expressed, like brown eyes (Bb) |
| inheritance | the passing of genetic information (traits) from parents to their offspring during reproduction |
| dominant | a relationship between two versions of a gene (alleles), where one allele masks or hides the presence of the other in the appearance (phenotype) of an organism |
| recessive | a version of a trait that is hidden or masked whenever a dominant allele is present |
| photosynthesis | the biological process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy (usually from the sun) into chemical energy in the form of sugar (glucose) |
| inherited physical trait | specific variation in the characteristics of organisms received from a parent or ancestor by genetic transmission |
| punnett square | a diagram or grid used in genetics to predict the possible genotypes (allele combinations) and phenotypic outcomes of offspring from a genetic cross |
| offspring | the product of sexual or asexual reproduction |
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