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Biology1012 Unit2VOC
Biology 1012 Unit 2 Vocabulary -- UMSL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Abscissa | The horizontal dimension of a graph. The distance from the vertical axis, symbolized as "X". It is used to present the units of the independent variable. |
| Applied Science (Applied Research) | Science aimed at working out practical problems, e.g. a problem-solving effort to work out the cure for a disease. |
| Assumption | A statement or idea taken for granted and sometimes used as a basis for further reasoning. A theory, principle, or law used operationally as a truism |
| Basic Research | See Pure Research |
| Bowler's Model | An analogy made between the sport of bowling and the mechanist view of problem solving. ** |
| Cause and Effect | A relationship between two factors or variables that couple the resulting change of one variable to a specified change in the other |
| Chance | The solving of problems by luck in the absense of a design or logical thought process |
| Conclusion | The result of a decision based on an investigation or formed from thought as the inferences in a syllogism |
| Control | A standard to which experimental groups can be compared. A controlled experiment is a test in which all of the known variable factors are held constant in both the control and experimental groups with the exception of one factor. ** |
| Craps Model | An analogy made between the game of craps, and the vitalists' view of problem solving. The crapshooter uses no skill in seeking a roll of two dice so that a "7" or "11" appears but rahter relies on sayings, and other superstitious approaches to influence. |
| Creativity | Inventiveness. Creativity is most apparent in hypothesis formulation in problem solving. |
| Data | The facts gathered in relation to a problem. |
| Deduction | Reasoning from a known principle or generalization to a specific unknown in a logical manner. A syllogism where a logical conclusion is based on a major premise. |
| Empirical Approach | Drawing a conclusion based on observation without connection with previous hypotheses or theories |
| Experiment | An organized activity or inquiry designed to discover information |
| Experimental Group | The organisms that have been chosen in an experiment to have one factor in their environment altered so that the effects of this factor can be studied. |
| Fact | Any observation that can be substantiated by many people. |
| Genus | A naming category used to specify a group of organisms of closely related species. |
| Graph | A diagram used to demonstrate changes in the value of a variable. An illustrative representation of data. |
| Hypothesis | The initial educated explanation for a phenomenon or answer to a question. One, it must provide an answer to the problem that takes into account all of the known facts; and second it should predict new info related to the problem. |
| Hyperthesis | The most improbable, implausible, high risk proposed explanation for a phenomenon. |
| Induction | A process of reasoning from specific facts or individual cases to a generalization or principle. |
| Inference | A logical conclusion from the process of deduction. |
| Interpretation | The explanation of data |
| Law | A generalization about operation of a system that has been observed over a long period of time and never deviates. |
| Laws of Parsimony (Occam's Razor) | A principle proposed by Occam (14th century Franciscan). The simplest explanation which can account satisfactorily for all of the known facts is probably the one under which a natural system is most likely operating. |
| Laws of Nature | Phenomena in the universe that has been observed to occur repeatedly in the same manner when under the same circumstances. |
| Logic | A study which deals with the factors involved with valid thought processes. |
| Major Premise | The assumption in a syllogism that is the generalization, law or principle upon which a conclusion is based |
| Measurable | Part of the universe that can be manipulated to yield facts. |
| Mean | The sum of all measurements or counts divided by the number of measurements or counts. |
| Mechanist | The view that life can ultimately be explained in terms of physics and chemistry with the difference between living and non-living systems being in degree rather in spirit. |
| Median | The middle measurement of count in a series of measurements above and below which there are an equal number of measurements. |
| Minor Premise | A statement of the observations of a specific unknown to which the major premise will be applied to yield a conclusion |
| Mode | The value of a measurement or a count that appears most frequently |
| Multiple Hypothesis | The list of as many plausible answers as possible for a problem. (I.E. H0, H1, H2, etc...) |
| Observation | The process and/or result of noting and recording facts. This act is not limited to visual stimuli and can be done through touch, smell, feel, etc. as well as equipment that extends the normal sensory perception. |
| Ordinate | The vertical dimension of a line graph. The distance from the horizontal axis and denoted by "y". It usually displays the units of the dependent variable. |
| Predict | To guess or esimate a future event based on present information or hypothesis. |
| Pure Research (Basic Research) | Problem solving conducted solely to satisfy the curiousity of the investigator with no particular interest in any practical use of the solution. |
| Range | To think logically by drawing inferences or conclusions from known facts or assumptions. |
| Research | Systematic investigation into the discovery of a solution to a problem |
| Science | The branch of knowledge involved with establishing systematized facts and principles which utilize observation, experimentation and hypothesis formulation and testing. It consist of an attitude through which reason replaces superstition. |
| Science as Knowledge | The systematized body of information related to the makeup and function of the universe and its contents. |
| Scientific Method | The process used by scientists to solve problems. Generally it consists of five broad activities: Oberservation, Testing and Experimentation, Generalization, Explanation, Prediction. ** |
| Scientist | An individual who has chosen the systematic acquisitions of knowledge from the universe as a career. |
| Self-Correcting | The answer-checking system built into the process of science. Allows for the continued updating and modification of facts and answers. |
| Social Competence | The level of the physical and psychological state of individuals that maintains their order |
| Species | A group of organisms so closely related that they can freely interbreed and produce fertile offspring. |
| Syllogism | Deductive reasoning in which two assumptions or premises are made and a logical conclusion drawn from them. It involves reasoning from a broad generalization to a specific instance. |
| Theory | An explanation or answer that has acquired considerable evidence to support its accuracy |
| Trial-and-Error | Techniques used to solve problems in which possible solutions are tried at random to attempt to find a desired result. This method is usually resorted to when there are no definite or clear-cut clues available for hypothesis formulation. |
| Truth Table | An illustration of the possible true-false relationship between a hypothesis and its conclusion or prediction |
| Variable | The factors that may affect the outcome of an experiment. Dependent variable: A factor whose change during an experiment is dependent on the manipulated change in a second factor. Independent Variable, the factor in an experiment that is manipulated** |
| Vitalism | The view that life is not exclusively determined by the natural laws of physics and chemistry but involves some nonphysical force. The organism is more than the sum of its parts. |
| Working Hypothesis | A tentatively accepted solution to a solution to a problem that forms the basis for testing the proposed solution. It is frequently stated in the "If...then" format. |
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