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OrganicMolecules Ch3
BIO 121 The Chemistry of Organic Molecules Sylvia Mader Ch.3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| These molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. | Organic molecules |
| What are the 4 classes of organic molecules? | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| Why are organic molecules so dissimilar and complex? | Because carbon is quite small and has FOUR valence electrons. (Is flexible to go one way or the other) |
| What is a carbon chain of an organic molecule that helps account for a molecule's shape? | Carbon skeleton |
| What is a specific combination of bonded atoms that always reacts in the same way, regardless of the particular carbon skeleton. | Functional group |
| How do functional groups relate to organic molecules? | They determine polarity and the types of reactions organic molecules will undergo |
| What are organic molecules that have identical molecule formulas but a different arrangement of atoms? | Isomers |
| Because of their large size carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are these. | Macromolecules |
| The largest type of macromolecules. | Polymers |
| These subunits link together forming polymers. | Monomers |
| Equivalent of a water molecule being removed. | Dehydration reaction |
| In this reaction water is used to break the bond holding subunits together | Hydrolysis reaction |
| Molecule that speeds up reactions by bringing reactants together | Enzymes (May participate but is unchanged by it) |
| Carbohydrates that have a single sugar molecule (called Simple sugars) and are broken down in nearly all types of cellular respiration. | Monosaccharides |
| Carbohydrates that contain two Monosaccharides that have been bonded together. | Disaccharides |
| Carbohydrates that are polymers of Monosaccharides, serve as storage molecules. | Polysaccharides |
| Carbohydrates that are used for "Ready Energy". Ex: Glucose | Monosaccharides |
| Carbohydrates that have "Varied uses". Ex: Sucrose | Disaccharides |
| Carbohydrates that store energy. Ex: Starch/Glycogen | Polysaccharides |
| Glucose and Fructose are monomers that make up this. | Sucrose |
| Glucose and Galactose are monomers that make up this. | Lactose |
| Plants store glucose as this. | Starch |
| Animals store glucose as this. | Glycogen |
| Structural polysaccharide found in plants. | Cellulose |
| Structural polysaccaride found in fungal cell walls and the exoskeletons of crabs, lobsters, etc. | Chitin |
| Structural polysaccaride found in bacteria. | Peptidoglygcan |
| These organic molecules are insoluble in water due to their hydrocarbon chains. | Lipids |
| General long-term energy storage (Components: Glycerol and Fatty acids) | Triglycerides |
| Long-term energy storage and insulation in animals. | Fats (Ex: Butter and lard) |
| Long-term energy storage in plants and their seeds. | Oils (Ex: Cooking oils) |
| Found in fats, these have no double bonds between the carbon atoms | Saturated fatty acids (Ex: Milk) |
| Found in fats, these have double bonds on the carbon chain wherever the number of hydrogens is less than two per carbon atom. | Unsaturated fatty acids (Ex: Corn oil) |
| Membrane components of the plasma membrane that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails | Phospolipids |
| Precursor of several other steroids such as the sex hormones; essential component of an animal cell's plasma membrane | Cholesterol |
| Lipids that have completely different structures from fats. These have skeletons of four fused carbon rings. | Steroids |
| Where long-chain fatty acids bond with long-chain alcohols. | Waxes- Come from fruit coatings and bees |
| This organic molecule supports, transports, defends, and moves. | Proteins (Ex: Enzymes, Hormones) |
| Building Blocks of Proteins | Amino Acids (20 different ones are present in humans) |
| What are the four types of amino acids attached to the alpha carbon? | -NH2 (amino group) -COOH (acidic or carboxyl group) R (remainder of the molecule) -SH (sulfhydryl) |
| Two or more amino acids bonded together | Peptide |
| Covalent bonds between two amino acids | Peptide Bonds |
| Chain of many (more than two) amino acids joined by peptide bonds | Polypeptide |
| This level of structure in proteins is determined by the sequence of amino acids that join to form a polypeptide. | Primary structure (string of beads) |
| Hydrogen bonding between amino acids causes the polypeptide to form an alpha helix or a pleated sheet in this level of structure in proteins. | Secondary structure (helix/thick spiral) |
| Due in part to covalent bonding between R groups the polypeptide folds and twists giving it a characteristic globular shape in this level of structure in proteins. | Tertiary structure (party string) |
| This level of structure in proteins occurs when two or more polypeptides join to form a single protein. | Quaternary structure (think, round jumble) |
| Something that causes other proteins of the same type to fold the wrong way too. | Prions (Found in protein-folding diseases. Ex: Mad Cow) |
| Genetic material that stores information regarding its own replication and the order in which amino acids are to be joined to make a protein. | DNA |
| An intermediary in the process of protein synthesis, conveying information from DNA regarding the amino acid sequence in a protein. | RNA |
| Molecular complex of three types of molecules: phosphate, pentose sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base. | Nucleotides |
| What are the four types of nucleotides? | (Pyrimidines)Cytosine, thymine[dna], uracil[rna] (Purines) Adenine, guanine |
| What is complementary base pairing, relating to DNA? | Thymine and adenine pair while Guanine and cytosine pair A+T while C+G |
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