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Biology Chapter 7 *
Chapter 7 notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prokaryotes | cells have genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus. |
| Eukaryotes | cells contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell. |
| organelles | specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell |
| cytoplasm | material inside the cell membrane—not including the nucleus |
| The nucleus | contains nearly all the cell's DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules. |
| nuclear envelope | layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell.allow material to move into and out of the nucleus |
| chromatin. | granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins |
| Chromosones | threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next |
| nucleolus | small, dense region within most nuclei in which the assembly of proteins begins |
| ribosome | small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein |
| endoplasmic reticulum | internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | abundant in cells that produce large amounts of protein for export. Other cellular proteins are made on “free” ribosomes, which are not attached to membranes. |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | because ribosomes are not found on its surface. In many cells, the smooth ER contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks, including the synthesis of membrane lipids and the detoxification of drugs |
| Golgi apparatus | stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum |
| Lysosomes | small organelles filled with enzymes. One function of lysosomes is the digestion, or breakdown, of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. |
| vacuole | cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates |
| mitochondrion | organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.enclosed by two membranes—an outer membrane and an inner membrane. The inner membrane is folded up inside the organelle. |
| Chloroplasts | organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. |
| Organelle DNA | chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own genetic information in the form of small DNA molecules. |
| cytoskeleton | The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. The cytoskeleton is also involved in movement. |
| Microfilaments | threadlike structures made of a protein called actin. They form extensive networks in some cells and produce a tough, flexible framework that supports the cell. help cells move |
| Microtubules | hollow structures made up of proteins known as tubulins. In many cells, they play critical roles in maintaining cell shape. Microtubules are also important in cell division, |
| centriole | one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope.help to organize cell division. Centrioles are not found in plant cells. |
| cell membrane | thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell |
| Cell Wall | double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes. strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria |
| lipid bilayer | double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes |
| What type of molecules are embedded in the lipid bilayer? | In addition to lipids, most cell membranes contain protein molecules that are embedded in the lipid bilayer. Carbohydrate molecules are attached to many of these proteins. |
| Cell Walls | The main function is to provide support and protection for the cell. Most are made from fibers of carbohydrate and protein. These substances are produced within the cell and then released at the surface of the cell membrane where they are assembled |
| Concentration | the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume. |
| function of cell membrane | regulate the movement of dissolved molecules from the liquid on one side of the membrane to the liquid on the other side. |
| Diffusion | process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated |
| equilibrium | when the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| Isotonic | when the concentration of two solutions is the same |
| Hypertonic | when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes |
| Hypontonic | when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes |
| facilitated diffusion | movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels |
| Active Transport | energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference |
| endocytosis | process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane |
| phagocytosis | process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell |
| Pinocytosis | process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment |
| exocytosis | process by which a cell releases large amounts of material |
| cell specialization | separate roles for each type of cell in multicellular organisms |
| The levels of organization in a multicellular organism | individual cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems |
| tissue | group of similar cells that perform a particular function |
| organ | group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions |
| organ system | group of organs that work together to perform a specific function |
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skylersingletary
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