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BIO 301 - Test 1
Includes integumentary system and provertebrates
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the epidermis produce part of? | Basal lamina |
| What does the dermis produce? | Reticular lamina, dermal bones, osteoderms |
| What are the cells that produce keratin? | Keratinocytes |
| How do keratinocytes produce keratin? | Cells are sacks of keratin, which are pushed to the surface as they die |
| Where is the origin of feathers? | Dermis |
| What are plies? | Connective tissue in fish where the fibers are arranged in one direction. |
| What do grandular cells do? | Secrete mucus in fish |
| What do goblet cells do? | Secrete mucus in fish |
| What do club cells do? | Release chemical signals in fish |
| What do sacciform cells do? | Release chemical repellent in times of stress |
| What do bony fish have that cartilaginous ones don't? | placcoid scales and thinner skin |
| Unlike aquatics, where do the glands lie in tetrapods? | Dermis |
| What kind of epidermis do amphibians have? | stratified |
| What do Leydig cells do? | Secrete material that help resist entry of bacteria and viruses |
| Where do chromatophores reside in amphibians? | dermis |
| Do reptiles have more or fewer glands in their skin compared to amphibians and fish? | Less |
| What's special about the keratinization in reptiles? | It's true keratinization |
| What's special about the layers of skin in birds compared to amphibians, reptiles, and fish? | Have a transitional region where cells become keratinized. |
| What kind of glands to aquatic birds have? | salt glands |
| what are Uropygial glands? | Glands that help birds in preening. |
| Compare gland distribution in birds | Few and restricted to certain regions |
| Describe a mammal's epidermis | Thick and well-keratinized |
| What three cells do mammals have in their epidermis? | Keratinocyte, Langerhans, merkel |
| What is the undulating top layer in the dermis in mammals? | Papillar region |
| What's the dense and more compact region in the dermis of mammals? | reticular region |
| What two types of multicellular glands do mammals have? | Sebaceous, sweat |
| What is the errector pilus muscle? | Smooth muscle that gets hair to stand on end |
| What gives hair color? | Chromatophores |
| What is pelage or fur composed of? | Guard hairs and under fur |
| What are vibrissae? | Modified hairs found around nose |
| What are melanophores? | Chromatophores that contain the pigment melanin |
| What are iridophores? | Chromatophores that contain light reflecting crystaline guanine platlets |
| Where are iridophores found in vertebrates? | Ectothermic vertebrates, iris of some birds |
| What is camouflage? | Physiological changed caused by the redistribution of pigments within chromatophores |
| What is camouflage regulated by? | Endocrine system |
| One what vertebrates are placoid scales found? | Cartilaginous fish |
| Describe placoid scales. | Toothlike with a broad base that comes to a point. |
| What are placoid scales composed of? | An enamel tip and dentine filled with pulp cavity |
| Where do placoid scales originate? | Dermis |
| Do placoid scales grow? | No |
| In what vertebrates are cosmoid scales found? | Bony fish |
| Where to cosmoid scales reside? | On double layer of bone |
| What are cosmoid scales composed of? | Enamel with dentine in the middle |
| Do cosmoid scales grow? | Yes |
| What scales are ganoid scales developed from? | Cosmoid scales |
| What are ganoid scales composed of? | Thick enamel |
| What vertebrates are cycloid and ctenoid scales found on? | Rayfin fish |
| Describe cycloid scales. | Elongated smooth edged and thicker center. |
| Describe ctenoid scales | Round comb-like projections with a rough feel |
| What are feathers produced by? | Epidermis |
| What is the purpose of feathers? | Entrap air and reduce air flow next to skin |
| Describe the feather in the dermis. | Papilla grows into dermis and forms quill |
| What are the two mechanisms of coloring? | Physical and chemical |
| What are contour feathers used for? | Aerodynamics |
| Give structure theme of contour feathers. | Vane -> barbs -> barbules -> hooklets |
| What does preening do? | Reattach hooklets of feathers. |
| What are flight feathers for? | Flight surface for locomotion |
| What are down feathers for? | Thermal insulation |
| What are filoplume feathers for? | Specialized functions like display, keep dirt away from eyes, and to help catch prey |
| What distinguishes the "horns" in lizards vs. the horns in mammals? | The horns in lizards are made of scales, not bone. |
| How are the growth of antlers controlled? | Sex glands |
| What is the velvet on antlers? | skin |
| What are nails composed of? | Cornified and compacted epithelium |
| What is the purpose of nails? | protection and stability |
| Where do claws come from? | Germinative layer |
| What are hooves? | Enlarged, keratinized plates |
| What is the purpose of hooves? | Shock absorpsion |
| What vertebrates have dermal armor? | Some fish and some reptiles |
| Where is armor found on reptiles? | Gastralium |
| How is dermal armor formed? | Formed in skin and sinks into skeleton |
| What is baleen made of? | Keratinized plates |
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