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Louie’s chp?lesson 2
4th period SCI.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell Wall | a tough, protective, and semi-permeable outer layer surrounding the plasma membrane of plant, fungi, and bacterial cells, but not animal cells. |
| Cell membrane | the vital, semipermeable barrier surrounding every cell, made mainly of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins, that separates the cell's inner contents from its external environment, controlling what enters (nutrients, water) and leaves (waste). |
| Nucleus | The nucleus is the cell's control center, storing genetic information and regulating cell growth and multiplication. |
| Organelle | any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell. |
| Ribosomes | Ribosomes are essential cellular machines made of RNA and protein that synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into amino acid chains, |
| Cytoplasm | the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus. |
| Mitochondria | Mitochondria are essential organelles in eukaryotic cells, known as the cell's "powerhouses," responsible for generating most of its energy (ATP) through cellular respiration, but also managing cell death (apoptosis), calcium signaling, and other metaboli |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a vast, interconnected network of membranes within eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope, crucial for synthesizing and transporting proteins and lipids, folding proteins, regulating calcium, and detoxific |
| Golgi apparatus | is a key eukaryotic organelle, a stack of flattened sacs (cisternae), that acts like a cell's post office, processing, modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) into vesicles for delivery to their final dest |
| Vacuole | A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle in cells, acting as a storage sac for water, nutrients, and waste, |
| Lysosome | an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane. |
| Tissue | 1. any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products |
| Organ | specialized biological structures in living things. |
| Organ system | a group of organs working together to perform complex, vital functions for an organism, |
| Specialized cell | a cell that has developed unique structures and functions to perform a specific job in a multicellular organism, |
| Division of labor | the specialization of workers into different tasks to increase productivity. |
| List what is inside the nucleus? | the cell's genetic blueprint (DNA organized into chromatin/chromosomes), proteins, and the nucleolus (for ribosome building), |
| Describe the difference between animal and plantcells structures | plant cells having a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts (for photosynthesis), and a large central vacuole, giving them fixed shapes, while animal cells lack these, have smaller vacuoles, and often possess lysosomes and centrosomes, allowing for flexible shapes |
| Describe what the endoplasmic reticulum does a ribosomes | produce, fold, and transport proteins, |
| Where ribosomes are made and why they are so important | in the nucleolus (a structure inside the nucleus) from ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins, then shipped to the cytoplasm to translate messenger RNA (mRNA) into essential proteins that build structures, run metabolic reactions, and perform cellular function |
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