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HCC Infect Diseases
HCC Infectious Diseases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Infection | An invasion of the body by a pathogen (any microorganism that causes disease) and the resulting signs and symptoms that develop in response to the invasion. |
| Most common cause of infection | Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. |
| Emerging infection | An infectious disease whose incidence has increased in the past 20 years or threatens to increase in the immediate future. |
| Resistance | When pathologic organisms change in ways that decrease the ability of a drug (or a family of drugs) to treat disease. |
| 3 most troublesome antibiotic-resistant bacteria in North America | MRSA, VRE, PRSP |
| MRSA | Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
| VRE | Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci |
| PRSP | Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| Healthcare-Associated Infection | AKA-Nosocomial Infection. Infections that are acquired as a result of exposure to a microorganism in a hospital setting and typically occur within 72 hours of hospitalization. |
| Older Patients and Hospital-Acquired Infections | Number of nosocomial infections are two to three times higher than for younger patients. |
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus | (HIV) is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus, which means it replicates going from RNA to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
| HIV Transmission | HIV can only be transmitted under specific conditions that allow contact with infected body fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk. |
| Most common mode of transmission of HIV | Sexual contact with an HIV-infected partner |
| HIV Patho | Immune dysfunction in HIV disease is caused predominantly by damage to and destruction of CD4+ T cells (also known as T helper cells or CD4+ T lymphocytes). |
| Tuberculosis (TB) | An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a gram-positive, acid-fast bacillus that is usually spread from person to person via airborne droplets. |
| TB Resurgence Causes | (1) high rates of TB among patients with HIV infection and (2) the emergence of multidrug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. |
| Miliary TB | The spread of the disease with involvement of many organs. |
| Mantoux | Tuberculin skin test. using purified protein derivative (PPD) is the best way to diagnose latent M. tuberculosis infection, whereas the diagnosis of tuberculosis disease requires demonstration of tubercle bacilli bacteriologically. |
| Patients suspected to have TB should: | (1) be placed on airborne isolation, (2) receive appropriate drug therapy, and (3) receive an immediate medical workup, including chest x-ray, sputum smear, and culture. |
| Communicable Disease | Any illness directly or indirectly transmitted |
| Directly Transmitted Illness | From one person or animal to another by contact with body fluids. |
| Indirectly Transmitted Illness | By contact with contaminated objects, or by vectors (ticks, mosquitos, other insects). |
| Chain Of Infection | The order of events that lead to infection. |
| 1st Link in chain of infection | Infectious agent |
| 2nd Link in chain of infection | Reservoirs |
| 3rd Link in chain of infection | Portal of exit |
| 4th Link in chain of infection | Means of transmission |
| 5th Link in chain of infection | Portal of entry |
| 6th Link in chain of infection | Susceptible host |
| Active Immunity | Antibody production is stimulated without causing clinical disease. |
| Antibody | A protein capable of reacting to a specific antigen |
| Antigen | A foreign substance that triggers an immune system response. |
| Disease Surveillance | Monitoring patterns of disease occurrence from the cases of infectious and communicable diseases reported by health care workers to state health officials. |
| Endogenous Pyrogens | Interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factor released by macrophages in response to an invasive infectious organism. |
| Killed Virus Vaccine | Vaccine that contains a microorganism that has been killed but is still capable of inducing the human body to produce antibodies. |
| Live Virus Vaccine | Vaccine that contains a microorganism in live but attenuated, or weakened, form. |
| Opisthotonos | Rigid hypertextension of the entire body. May be seen in children with meningitis. |
| Pandemic | The emergence and worldwide spread of influenza or other viral or bacterial organism that causes significantly increased morbidity and mortality. |
| Passive Immunity | Antibodies are produced in another human or animal host and given to the child. |
| Phagocytosis | The engulfment and destruction of microorganisms, dead cells, and foreign particles. |
| Prostration | Extreme exhaustion. |
| Toxic appearance | Lethargy, poor perfusion, hypoventilation or hyperventilation, and cyanosis. |
| Toxoid | Toxin that has been treated (by heat or chemical) to weaken its toxic effects but retain its antigenicity. |
| Transplacental Immunity | Passive immunity transferred from mother to infant. |
| Zoonosis | Transmission of infectious diseases by insects or animals. |
| CA-MRSA | Community Acquired MRSA |
| HA-MRSA | Hospital Acquired MRSA. |
| Enterococcus | Normal flora |
| C-difficile | Stay on surfaces for 90 days! Bacteria found in intestine, multiple loose watery stools, alcohol hand gels do not work. |
| Lab test for TB | Acid-fast Bacilli. Culture is only absolute confirmation of TB! |
| Airborne Precautions | Negative air pressure/flow, air comes in, room air is cycled through 6 filters. Special mask. Open door slowly. |
| Droplet Precautions | Private room, limit transport. Regular mask, gown, goggles, gloves. Flu-influenza. |
| Contact Precautions | Herpes, impetigo, Hepatitis, C-diff. |
| Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics | Effective against 1 type of organism. |
| Broad Spectrum Antibiotics | Effective against both gram+ and gram- organisms. |
| Bacteriostatic | Inhibits growth of bacteria. |
| Bacteriocidal | Kills bacteria. |
| Culture First! | Always culture first before giving first dose of antibiotics! |
| Super infections | Secondary infections. C-diff, yeast infections of the mouth, vaginal. |
| Aminoglycosides | Very potent. -cin = more than likely it's an aminoglycoside. Assess hearing before admin. |
| Trough Level | The lowest level that a medicine is present in the body. |
| Peak Level | The highest concentration of a medicine in the body. |
| TB Antibiotics | 6-9 months of treatment. Rifampin-secretions can be ORANGE, avoid alcohol. 3 consecutive negative sputum cultures to verify free of TB. |
| NDM1 | New super bug. An enzyme that makes bacteria resistant to a broad range of beta-lactam antibiotics. |
| Gram Positive | Staph, Strept, Enterococcus, Clostridium. |
| Gram Negative | Pseudomonas, E. coli, Helicobacter. |
| Culture and Sensitivity | 24-48 hours colonies start to form. |
| MIC | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration-lowest concentration that's needed to inhibit the organism's growth. |
| R | Resistant |
| S | Sensitive=inhibited or destroyed |
| I | Indeterminant=treat as resistant |
| Beta Lactamase Positive | Bacteria releases enzyme to kill beta lactamase. |
| Vancomycin | Used to treat MRSA |
| Viral | Require a host |
| Susceptibility | Young infants, inadequate nutrition, stress, inadequate defenses, elderly(confusion is common sign). |
| ALL INFECTIONS ARE NOT COMMUNICABLE | ALL INFECTIONS ARE NOT COMMUNICABLE |
| Number 1 Preventer of the spread of disease!!! | HAND WASHING, HAND WASHING, HAND WASHING!!! |
| ABCDE | Critical Care Checklist |
| A | Airway, Allergies, Appearance |
| B | Breathing-equal both sides |
| C | Circulation, Cerebral Perfusion, Chief Complaint |
| D | Diagnostics, Drugs |
| E | Equipment |
| PQRST | Assessment Check List |
| P | Provoking factors |
| Q | Quality of pain or other symptoms |
| R | Region, Radiation |
| S | Severity, signs, symptoms |
| T | Time, Treatment |
Created by:
mande747
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