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AP Bio Study: Unit 5
Finals for AP Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| diploid cell | Cell with two sets of chromosomes (2n), one from each parent |
| haploid cell | Cell with one set of chromosomes (n) |
| homologous chromosomes | Chromosome pairs with the same genes, one from each parent |
| sex cells (or gametes) | Haploid reproductive cells (sperm and egg) |
| Gregor Mendel | Father of genetics; discovered fundamental laws of inheritance |
| trait | Expressed characteristic influenced by genes |
| genes | Segments of DNA coding for traits |
| locus | Location of a gene on a chromosome |
| alleles | Alternate forms of a gene |
| homozygous | Two identical alleles for a trait |
| heterozygous | Two different alleles for a trait |
| phenotype | Physical appearance or expression of a trait |
| genotype | Genetic makeup (allele combination) of an organism |
| dominant | Allele that determines phenotype in heterozygotes |
| recessive | Allele masked by dominant in heterozygotes |
| parent, or P generation | Original parents in a genetic cross |
| filial, or F1 generation | First generation of offspring from a cross |
| F2 generation | Second generation of offspring from a cross |
| Law of Dominance | One allele masks the effect of another in heterozygotes |
| Law of Segregation | Alleles separate so each gamete gets one |
| Law of Independent Assortment | Alleles of different genes sort independently in gametes |
| monohybrid cross | Genetic cross studying one gene |
| Punnett square | Diagram predicting offspring genotype/phenotype ratios |
| dihybrid cross | Genetic cross studying two genes |
| Product Rule | Probability of independent events both occurring = product of individual probabilities |
| Sum Rule | Probability of either of two mutually exclusive events = sum of their probabilities |
| test cross | Cross with recessive organism to determine unknown genotype |
| linked genes | Genes located close together on the same chromosome, usually inherited together |
| recombinants | Offspring with new combination of traits due to crossing-over |
| percentage of recombination (recombination frequency) | Percent of offspring that are recombinants |
| map units (centimorgans) | Unit for measuring genetic distance; 1 unit = 1% recombination |
| autosomes | Non-sex chromosomes |
| sex chromosomes | Chromosomes determining sex (X and Y in humans) |
| color blindness | X-linked recessive trait; more common in males |
| hemophilia | X-linked recessive disorder affecting blood clotting |
| sex-linked traits | Traits controlled by genes on sex chromosomes |
| carrier | Individual with one copy of a recessive allele, not showing the trait |
| Barr body | Inactivated X chromosome in female cells |
| incomplete dominance (blending inheritance) | Heterozygote phenotype is a blend of parents |
| codominance | Both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed |
| polygenic inheritance | Trait controlled by multiple genes |
| non-nuclear inheritance | Inheritance of genes from mitochondria or chloroplasts (maternal) |
| pedigree | Family tree diagram showing inheritance patterns |
| phenotypic plasticity | One genotype produces different phenotypes in different environments |
| meiosis | Cell division producing four haploid gametes from one diploid cell |
| gonads | Organs producing gametes (testes and ovaries) |
| testes | Male gonads producing sperm |
| ovaries | Female gonads producing eggs |
| germ cells | Cells in gonads undergoing meiosis to form gametes |
| meiosis I | First meiotic division, separating homologous chromosomes |
| meiosis II | Second meiotic division, separating sister chromatids |
| synapsis | Pairing of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I |
| tetrad (bivalent) | Structure of four chromatids formed during synapsis |
| crossing-over (recombination) | Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes |
| gametogenesis | Production of gametes by meiosis |
| spermatogenesis | Meiosis in males; produces four sperm per diploid cell |
| oogenesis | Meiosis in females; produces one ovum and three polar bodies |
| polar bodies | Small cells formed in oogenesis that degenerate |
| ovum | Mature egg cell |
| nondisjunction | Failure of chromosomes to separate properly in meiosis |
| Down syndrome | Genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome 21 (trisomy 21) |
| aneuploidy | Abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell |
| translocation | Chromosomal segment moves to a different, nonhomologous chromosome |
Created by:
chianti
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