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AP Bio Study: Unit 4
Finals for AP Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| quorum sensing | Cell communication method where unicellular organisms signal population density |
| taxis | Movement of an organism in response to a stimulus |
| chemotaxis | Movement in response to chemical stimuli |
| ligands | Signaling molecules that bind to receptors to trigger a response |
| receptors | Proteins that receive and respond to signals (ligands) |
| signal transduction | Process of converting an external signal into a cellular response |
| ligand-gated ion channel | Membrane receptor that opens/closes an ion channel when a ligand binds |
| catalytic (or enzyme-linked) receptor | Membrane receptor with enzymatic activity activated by ligand binding |
| G-protein-linked receptor | Membrane receptor that activates G-proteins and second messengers |
| secondary messengers | Small molecules (e.g. cAMP) that amplify signals inside cells |
| homeostasis | Stable internal conditions maintained by organisms |
| negative feedback pathway (feedback inhibition) | End product inhibits its own production to maintain stability |
| positive feedback pathway | End product stimulates further production, amplifying the response |
| cell division | Process by which cells reproduce and generate new cells |
| G0 phase | Nondividing, resting phase of the cell cycle |
| cell cycle | Series of stages cells go through from one division to the next |
| interphase | Growth and DNA replication phase (G1, S, G2) between cell divisions |
| mitosis | Division of the nucleus into two genetically identical daughter cells |
| G1 phase | First gap of interphase; cell grows and produces proteins/organelles |
| S phase | DNA synthesis phase; chromosomes are replicated |
| G2 phase | Second gap of interphase; cell prepares for mitosis |
| sister chromatids | Identical copies of a chromosome joined at the centromere |
| centromere | Region where sister chromatids are attached |
| cyclins | Proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle |
| cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) | Enzymes that, with cyclins, control cell cycle progression |
| cell cycle checkpoints | Control mechanisms ensuring proper cell cycle progression |
| apoptosis | Programmed cell death |
| cancer | Disease caused by uncontrolled cell division |
| oncogene | Mutated gene that promotes uncontrolled cell growth (cancer) |
| tumor suppressor gene | Gene that inhibits cell division and prevents cancer |
| prophase | First stage of mitosis; chromatin condenses, nuclear envelope disappears, spindle forms |
| metaphase | Second stage of mitosis; chromosomes align at the metaphase plate |
| anaphase | Third stage of mitosis; sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles |
| telophase | Final stage of mitosis; nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes decondense |
| chromatin | Loose, threadlike form of DNA found during interphase |
| spindle fibers | Microtubules that move chromosomes during mitosis |
| kinetochores | Protein structures on chromatids where spindle fibers attach |
| metaphase plate | Equatorial plane where chromosomes align during metaphase |
| cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells after mitosis |
| cleavage furrow | Indentation that begins cytokinesis in animal cells |
| cell plate | Partition that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells |
Created by:
chianti
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