Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
AP Bio Study: Unit 3
Finals for AP Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| bioenergetics | The study of how energy is transformed in living things |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed; total energy is constant |
| Second Law of Thermodynamics | Energy transfer increases disorder (entropy) in the universe |
| entropy | Measure of disorder or randomness |
| exergonic reaction | Reaction that releases energy; products have less energy than reactants |
| energy diagram | Graph showing energy changes during a reaction |
| endergonic reaction | Reaction that requires energy input; products have more energy than reactants |
| transition state | High-energy, unstable state between reactants and products |
| activation energy | Energy needed to start a reaction and reach the transition state |
| enzymes | Biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy |
| enzyme specificity | Each enzyme catalyzes only one kind of reaction |
| substrates | Molecules targeted by enzymes |
| active site | Region on enzyme where substrate binds |
| enzyme-substrate complex | Temporary association between enzyme and substrate during reaction |
| induced fit | Enzyme changes shape slightly to fit substrate |
| cofactors | Non-protein helpers for enzyme activity; may be metal ions or coenzymes |
| coenzymes | Organic cofactors (e.g., vitamins) needed for enzyme function |
| denatured | Loss of enzyme's shape and function due to extreme conditions |
| allosteric sites | Locations on enzyme other than active site where regulators can bind |
| competitive inhibition | Substance competes with substrate for active site binding |
| allosteric inhibitor | Substance binds to allosteric site to inhibit enzyme activity |
| noncompetitive inhibition | Inhibitor binds to allosteric site to change enzyme shape; substrate may still bind but reaction is blocked |
| cellular respiration | Process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP |
| photosynthesis | Process where light energy is used to make sugar |
| light reactions | Photosynthesis reactions requiring light; produce ATP, NADPH, and O2 |
| dark reactions | Light-independent photosynthesis reactions; Calvin cycle; use ATP and NADPH to make sugar |
| photons | Units of light energy |
| stroma | Fluid-filled region inside chloroplasts |
| grana | Stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts |
| thylakoids | Disk-shaped membranes in chloroplasts, sites of light reactions |
| chlorophyll a and b | Primary light-absorbing pigments in photosynthesis |
| carotenoids | Accessory pigments absorbing blue-green light |
| reaction center | Special chlorophyll molecule for converting light to chemical energy |
| antenna pigments | Pigments that gather and transfer light energy to reaction center |
| Photosystem I (PS I) | Reaction center with P700 chlorophyll; makes NADPH |
| photosystem II (PS II) | Reaction center with P680 chlorophyll; splits water, makes ATP |
| P680 | Photosystem II reaction center (absorbs 680 nm light) |
| P700 | Photosystem I reaction center (absorbs 700 nm light) |
| photophosphorylation | Production of ATP using light energy |
| absorption spectrum | Graph showing how pigments absorb light at different wavelengths |
| emission spectrum | Graph showing light wavelengths emitted by a pigment |
| photolysis | Splitting of water by light in photosystem II |
| NADPH | Electron carrier produced in photosynthesis |
| carbon fixation | Conversion of CO2 to organic compounds in Calvin cycle |
| Calvin cycle | Light-independent reactions using ATP and NADPH to fix CO2 into glucose |
| photorespiration | Process using ATP and O2, producing CO2 without making sugar |
| CAM plants | Plants that temporally separate carbon fixation and Calvin cycle; open stomata at night |
| C4 plants | Plants that spatially separate carbon fixation and Calvin cycle to prevent photorespiration |
| aerobic respiration | Cellular respiration with oxygen as final electron acceptor |
| NADH | Electron carrier produced during glycolysis and Krebs cycle |
| FADH2 | Electron carrier produced in Krebs cycle |
| glycolysis | First stage of respiration; splits glucose into pyruvic acid, makes 2 ATP and 2 NADH |
| pyruvic acid | Three-carbon product of glycolysis |
| acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) | Two-carbon molecule entering Krebs cycle |
| pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) | Enzyme complex converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA |
| Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) | Cycle in mitochondrial matrix producing CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2 |
| matrix | Innermost compartment of mitochondrion |
| oxaloacetate | Four-carbon molecule that starts and ends Krebs cycle |
| citric acid | Six-carbon molecule formed in Krebs cycle |
| electron transport chain | Series of proteins passing electrons to create proton gradient |
| cytochrome C | Electron carrier protein in electron transport chain |
| pH gradient (proton gradient) | Difference in proton concentration across mitochondrial membrane |
| chemiosmosis | ATP production using proton gradient and ATP synthase |
| ATP synthase | Enzyme channel that makes ATP as protons flow through |
| oxidative phosphorylation | Production of ATP using electron transport chain and chemiosmosis |
| lactic acid | Product of fermentation in animals |
| ethanol (ethyl alcohol) | Product of fermentation in yeast |
| fermentation | Anaerobic breakdown of pyruvic acid to recycle NAD |
Created by:
chianti
Popular Biology sets