Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
AP Bio Study: Unit 2
Finals for AP Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cells | Smallest unit of living material that can perform all life activities |
| surface area-to-volume ratio | Ratio that affects efficiency of material exchange and heat loss in cells |
| light microscopes | Microscopes used to study stained or living cells up to 1,000x magnification |
| electron microscopes | Microscopes used to study detailed cell structures at nanometer scale |
| prokaryotic cells | Cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria, archaea) |
| eukaryotic cells | Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., plants, animals, fungi, protists) |
| cytoplasm | Jelly-like substance inside the cell containing organelles |
| nucleoid | Region in prokaryotic cells where circular DNA is found |
| cell wall | Rigid layer outside plasma membrane for support and protection |
| plasma membrane | Semipermeable phospholipid bilayer regulating movement in/out of cell |
| flagella | Long projections for cell movement (motility) |
| capsule | Sticky outer layer in some bacteria for protection |
| organelles | Specialized structures in eukaryotic cells performing specific functions |
| phospholipid bilayer | Double layer forming the core of plasma membranes |
| peripheral proteins | Proteins loosely attached to membrane surface |
| integral proteins | Proteins embedded in the membrane |
| transmembrane proteins | Integral proteins that span the entire membrane |
| fluid-mosaic model | Model describing the flexible, protein-studded phospholipid bilayer |
| adhesion proteins | Membrane proteins forming junctions between cells |
| receptor proteins | Proteins serving as docking sites for signals (e.g., hormones) |
| transport proteins | Proteins that move substances across cell membrane |
| channel proteins | Proteins forming channels for selective molecule/ion passage |
| cell surface markers | Glycoproteins and glycolipids for cell recognition/adhesion |
| carbohydrate side chains | Carbohydrate groups attached to proteins/lipids on outer membrane surface |
| nucleus | Organelle containing DNA and controlling cell activities |
| chromosomes | Structures of organized DNA within the nucleus |
| nucleolus | Region in nucleus where rRNA is made and ribosomes are assembled |
| ribosomes | Sites of protein synthesis; made of rRNA and protein |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Membranous network for transport and support in cell |
| rough ER | ER with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis and compartmentalization |
| smooth ER | ER without ribosomes; makes lipids, hormones, breaks down toxins |
| Golgi bodies | Stacks of membranes processing, packaging, and sorting cell products |
| vesicles | Small sacs for transporting materials within or out of cells |
| mitochondria | Organelles converting energy into ATP; have double membrane and cristae |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | Main energy molecule in the cell |
| cristae | Folds of inner mitochondrial membrane where ATP is made |
| lysosomes | Membrane sacs with hydrolytic enzymes for digestion and recycling |
| centrioles | Paired cylindrical structures organizing microtubules during cell division |
| microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) | Sites where microtubules are produced and organized |
| vacuoles | Fluid-filled sacs for storage (water, food, wastes, etc.) |
| peroxisomes | Organelles detoxifying substances and breaking down hydrogen peroxide |
| cytoskeleton | Network of protein fibers for cell shape, support, and movement |
| microtubules | Tubulin protein fibers involved in cell division and movement |
| microfilaments | Actin protein fibers for movement, contraction, cytokinesis |
| tubulin | Protein monomer making up microtubules |
| cilia | Short, hairlike structures for movement |
| Euglena | Unicellular organism using flagellum for movement |
| Paramecium | Unicellular organism using cilia for movement |
| chitin | Polysaccharide in fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons |
| chloroplasts | Plant organelles with chlorophyll for photosynthesis |
| central vacuole | Large vacuole in plant cells for storage and turgor pressure |
| cell sap | Fluid inside the central vacuole |
| facilitated transport | Movement of substances across membrane via transport proteins |
| aquaporins | Channel proteins specialized for water transport |
| simple diffusion | Passive movement of small, nonpolar molecules across membrane |
| facilitated diffusion | Passive movement of molecules via membrane proteins |
| passive transport | Movement of substances down concentration gradient without energy |
| osmosis | Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane |
| tonicity | Description of osmotic gradients (isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic) |
| isotonic | Solution with equal solute concentration as the cell |
| hypertonic | Solution with higher solute concentration than the cell |
| hypotonic | Solution with lower solute concentration than the cell |
| water potential | Measure of potential energy in water; affects water movement |
| solute (osmotic) potential | Effect of solute concentration on water potential |
| solute | Substance dissolved in a solution |
| active transport | Movement of substances against concentration gradient using energy |
| sodium-potassium pump | Protein pumping Na |
| endocytosis | Process of engulfing large particles by forming vesicles from membrane |
| pinocytosis | "Cell drinking"; endocytosis of liquids |
| phagocytosis | "Cell eating"; endocytosis of solids |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | Endocytosis using specific receptors and clathrin-coated pits |
| clathrin | Protein lining receptor-mediated endocytosis pits |
| bulk flow | One-way movement of fluids due to pressure |
| dialysis | Diffusion of solutes through selectively permeable membrane |
| exocytosis | Expulsion of large particles by fusion of vesicle with plasma membrane |
Created by:
chianti
Popular Biology sets