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AP Bio Study: Unit 1
Finals Study
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| elements | Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means |
| essential elements | Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen; make up 96% of living matter |
| trace elements | Elements required by an organism in very small quantities (e.g., Fe, I, Cu) |
| atom | Smallest unit of an element that retains its properties |
| protons | Positively charged subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom |
| neutrons | Uncharged subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom |
| electrons | Negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus |
| isotopes | Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons |
| compound | Substance formed from two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio |
| chemical bond | Force that holds atoms together in a compound |
| ionic bond | Bond formed when electrons are transferred between atoms, creating ions |
| covalent bond | Bond formed when electrons are shared between atoms |
| hydrogen bond | Weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom |
| polar molecule | Molecule with areas of partial positive and negative charge |
| cohesion | Attraction between molecules of the same substance (e.g., water to water) |
| adhesion | Attraction between molecules of different substances (e.g., water to glass) |
| surface tension | The tightness across the surface of water caused by cohesive forces |
| high heat capacity | Water's ability to absorb and retain heat, stabilizing temperatures |
| expansion on freezing | Water becomes less dense as it freezes, causing ice to float |
| capillary action | Movement of water within narrow spaces due to cohesion and adhesion |
| acidic | A solution with many hydrogen ions (H |
| basic | A solution with many hydroxide ions (OH-), high pH |
| neutral | pH of 7; equal numbers of H |
| alkaline | Another term for basic; pH greater than 7 |
| pH scale | Scale from 1-14 measuring how acidic or basic a solution is |
| organic compounds | Molecules containing both carbon and hydrogen atoms |
| inorganic compounds | Molecules that do not contain both carbon and hydrogen |
| monomer | Single subunit/building block of a polymer |
| polymer | Long chain of monomers bonded together |
| dehydration synthesis | Reaction where water is lost to form a larger molecule |
| hydrolysis | Reaction where water is used to break a bond between monomers |
| carbohydrates | Organic molecules with the general formula (CH2O)n |
| monosaccharides | Simple sugars, single carbohydrate units (e.g., glucose, fructose) |
| disaccharides | Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage (e.g., sucrose) |
| polysaccharides | Many monosaccharides linked in a chain (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose) |
| glycosidic linkage | Bond joining two monosaccharides in a carbohydrate |
| starch | Polysaccharide for sugar storage in plants |
| glycogen | Polysaccharide for sugar storage in animals |
| cellulose | Polysaccharide for structural support in plant cell walls |
| proteins | Polymers made from amino acids; perform cellular functions |
| amino acid | Monomer of proteins; contains amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and R-group |
| amino group | Functional group (-NH2) found in amino acids |
| carboxyl group | Functional group (-COOH) found in amino acids |
| R-group | Side chain that varies between amino acids; determines properties |
| hydrophobic | Repels water; nonpolar |
| hydrophilic | Attracted to water; polar |
| ionic | Charged; attracted to opposite charges |
| peptide bond | Bond joining two amino acids |
| polypeptide | Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| primary structure | Order of amino acids in a protein |
| secondary structure | Alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets formed by hydrogen bonding |
| tertiary structure | Folding of a polypeptide due to R-group interactions |
| quaternary structure | Association of multiple polypeptide chains in a protein |
| chaperone proteins | Proteins that help other proteins fold correctly |
| lipids | Hydrophobic molecules including fats, phospholipids, steroids |
| triglycerides | Lipid made of glycerol and three fatty acids |
| phospholipids | Lipid with two fatty acids and a phosphate group; forms cell membranes |
| steroids | Lipids with a four-ring structure (e.g., cholesterol) |
| ester linkage | Bond between fatty acids and glycerol in lipids |
| saturated fatty acid | Fatty acid with no double bonds; solid at room temperature |
| unsaturated fatty acid | Fatty acid with double bonds; liquid at room temperature |
| polyunsaturated | Fatty acid with multiple double bonds |
| amphipathic molecule | Molecule with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions |
| cholesterol | Four-ringed lipid found in cell membranes; affects fluidity |
| nucleic acids | Polymers made of nucleotide monomers (DNA & RNA) |
| nucleotide | Monomer of nucleic acids (sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base) |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | Nucleic acid storing genetic information |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | Nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis |
Created by:
chianti
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