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Bio Final Study
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Overall equation of photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H2O →C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| Location of photosynthesis | The Chloroplast |
| Light-dependent reactions- Where? | Occurs in the grana, specifically the thylakoid membrane, where the chlorophyll is stored. |
| Reactants and from where in photosynthesis? (light dependent) | CO2 and H2O from the atmosphere and the ground |
| Products and where do they go? (light dependent) | ATP, NADPH, and oxygen |
| Gases moving in and out and through what? (light dependent) | The main gas moving in is Water, which splits to provide electrons, and the gas moving out is Oxygen, released as a byproduct, both occurring across the thylakoid membranes within chloroplasts |
| Role of chlorophyll (light dependent) | To absorb sunlight (photons), exciting electrons within its molecules. |
| Role of NADPH and ATP in the process. (light dependent) | ATP and NADPH carry energy from the light-dependent reaction to the light-independent reaction. |
| Role of photosystems in the process. (light dependent) | They absorb light |
| Track the energy through the process. (light dependent) | The electrons become excited |
| What would be true of the atmosphere without photosynthetic organisms? (light dependent) | There would be almost no oxygen and very high levels of carbon dioxide |
| Reactants and from where? (Calvin cycle) | ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reaction |
| Products (goal and waste) and where do they go? (Calvin cycle) | Glucose is stored to make ATP and oxygen is out as waste. |
| What is the role of NADPH and ATP? (Calvin cycle) | They power the chemical reactions used to produce 3-C sugars from carbon dioxide and the H from water. |
| What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis? (Calvin cycle) | Light intensity, carbon dioxide levels, and temperature. |
| Overall equation (cellular respiration) | C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O |
| Location (cellular respiration) | The mitochondrion |
| Aerobic vs. Anaerobic (also, difference in their ATP output) | Aerobic reactions are reactions that happen when oxygen is present and make more ATP. Anaerobic reactions are reactions that happen when oxygen is not available and make less ATP since they only go through glycolysis. |
| Roles of NADH, FADH2, and O2 (cellular respiration) | Carry hydrogens through ETC to perform ATP Synthase. Then oxygen combines with those hydrogens to make water. |
| Reactants (glycolysis) | Glucose and carbon dioxide |
| Products (glycolysis) | 2 ATP and 2 NADH |
| Location (glycolysis) | In the cytoplasm |
| What goes in? (krebs cycle) | 2 pyruvate |
| What comes out? (krebs cycle) | 2 ATP, NADH, FADH2 |
| Location (krebs cycle) | Mitochondrial Matrix |
| What goes in? (ETC) | NADH and FADH2 |
| What comes out? (ETC) | Oxygen and water out as waste. ATP 32-38 of it. |
| Location (ETC) | Inner membrane of the mitochondria |
| Role of oxygen, specifically, and what it makes after its job is done. (ETC) | Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain, pulling electrons down the chain to allow massive ATP production. After its job is finished, oxygen combines with hydrogen ions to make water. |
| Track the energy. (ETC) | Tracks energy from glucose by breaking it down within the cytoplasm and mitochondria, capturing released energy into electron carriers and then using this to generate large amounts of ATP with some energy lost as heat, converting food into usable energy. |
| Purpose (Fermentation) | To make ATP for the cell when oxygen is not available. |
| What does it make? (LACTIC ACID) | Yogurt, kefir, kimchi, sauerkraut, pickles, sourdough bread, and cured meats |
| What organisms go through the process? (LACTIC ACID) | Mammals → muscles and bacteria |
| What TWO things does it make? (ALCOHOLIC) | Ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide (CO2). |
| What organisms go through the process? (ALCOHOLIC) | Yeast |
| Rule of 10%: How much is passed? How is it lost? What happens to the other 90%? | As you go up the pyramid 90% is used or lost as heat and 10% goes on. |
| Impact of missing, decreasing, or increasing populations on food webs and chains | Changes in pop alter food webs, leading to ecosystem imbalance and shifts in life, seen with predator loss creating overgrazing or pollinator decline. losing predators lead to prey opop and plant loss, increasing prey can kill plants, impacting organisms. |
| heterotrophs & consumers | Heterotroph is a consumer and it gets its energy from once living or living things. |
| producers & autotrophs | an organism, such as a plant or some bacteria, that produces its own energy often using sunlight through photosynthesis. |
| detritivores & decomposers | Eat dead things |
| Omnivore | Eat meat and plants |
| Carnivore | Eats meat |
| Herbivore | Eats plants |
| primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary consumers | herbivores that eat producers. Secondary consumers primarily eat primary consumers. They are often carnivores or omnivores. Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers. Quaternary consumers eat tertiary consumers. |
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