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Biology semeste 1 st
Studying notes for the final test in semester one for honors biology.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 1. What are producers and what role do they play in an ecosystem? | Producers are organisms, such as plants and algae, that make their own food using sunlight through photosynthesis. They are the base of the food pyramid. |
| What is an autotroph, and how is it different from a heterotroph? | Autotrophs can produce their own food (Sunlight or chemicals) While heterotrophs must consume other organisms to obtain energy. |
| Define primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary consumers. | Are trophic levels in a food chain, representing organisms that eat other organisms for energy, starting with herbivores, (primary) then carnivores/omnivores,(secondary) carnivores eating other carnivores (tertiary), then top predators (quaternary). |
| 1. What are detritivores and decomposers, and how do they contribute to nutrient cycling? | Detritivores are organisms that eat dead organic matter, such as earthworms and some insects. Decomposers, like bacteria and fungi, break down dead organisms and waster into simpler substances. Both help recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem. |
| 1. How do herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores differ in their diets? | Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat other animals, and omnivores eat plants and animals. |
| 1. What happens to a food web if a population is missing, decreases, or increases? | If population is missing, decreases or increase, it can disrupt the balance of the food web. This may cause overpopulation or a decline in the other species. |
| 1. What do the pyramids of energy, biomass, and population numbers represent in an ecosystem? | The 10% rule states that only about 10% of the energy from one trophic level is transferred to the next. The rest is lost as heat, waste, or used for life processes. |
| 1. What is the 10% rule in energy transfer between trophic levels? | Energy is lost as heat during metabolic activities and as waste. |
| 1. How is energy lost as it moves through a food chain, and what happens to the other 90%? | About 90% of the energy is lost at each level and only 10% moves to the next level. |
| What is the photosynthesis equation | 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. |
| Where does photosynthesis occur | In the chloroplasts |
| What are the light-dependent reactions, and where do they occur? | Light-dependent reactions are the first stage of photosynthesis, occurring in the thylakoid membranes, using light to make ATP and NADPH. |
| What are the reactants for the light-dependent reactions, and where do they come from? | The reactants are water (from the soil) and light (from the sun). |
| What are the products of the light-dependent reactions, and where do they go? | The products are ATP, NADPH (used in the Calvin cycle), and oxygen (released). |
| Which gases move in and out of the plant during photosynthesis, and through what structures? | Carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits the plant through stomata. |
| What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? | Chlorophyll absorbs light energy to start photosynthesis. |
| What is the role of NADPH and ATP during photosynthesis? | NADPH and ATP provide energy and electrons for making glucose in the Calvin cycle. |
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