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Bio Unit 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is ecology? | The study of the relationships between organisms and their environments that determine distribution and abundance |
| What is an environment? | Anything that has an effect on an organism |
| Biotic | Living factors |
| Abiotic | Non-living factors |
| What are the types of ecology? | Behavioral, physiological/chemical, evolutionary, conservation, and theoretical |
| What does the ecology of a tree include? | Temperature, competition, photosynthesis, other organisms, pH |
| What are producers? | Organisms that trap sunlight, and convert light into organic compounds (sugar) |
| What are consumers? | Organisms that consume the producers; energy in compounds travels through different system levels by the consumption of producers |
| What are energy flow diagrams? | Graphic visualizations used to show energy, flow and energy quantity as it moves through a system |
| What is primary productivity? | The rate at which plants and other photosynthetic organisms produce organic compounds in the ecosystem |
| Oceans and rainforest | Primary productivity habitat types |
| What is a primary consumer? | They eat the producers or the plant eating heterotrophs |
| What are secondary consumers? | They eat the primary consumers, they aren’t herbivores |
| Tertiary consumers | They eat the secondary consumers |
| Quaternary consumers | Top Apex predators. Examples include sharks, hawks, and snapping turtles. |
| Why a pyramid? | Living systems are energy, converting machines, and lose energy at each stage; 90% of available energy lost from one trophic level to the next; therefore, there isn’t enough energy to have more predators than prey in an ecosystem |
| Hectare | 100m x 100m |
| Methods of calculating how much energy is past between trophic levels | Numbers of individuals and biomass |
| Biomass | The dry weight of all organisms/organic matter at a trophic level; weight of each group; can be difficult due to extrapolating and accumulation of biomass |
| Trophic cascade | The effects of predators (+/-) |
| Bottom-up ecology | Removing a level at the bottom of the ecosystem causes the entire ecosystem to crumble |
| Top down ecology | Often captured in a trophic cascade |
| Dr. James Estes, UCSC-1970s | We killed off otters, which break open sea urchins; orcas kill otters. After otters were removed, the sea floor was left, covered in a rocky bed of sea urchins, where there should have been growth of seaweed and otters. |
| Keystone species | Robert Paine, university of Washington, 1969; removal of the sea star allows muscles and other invertebrate species to become overpopulated; less biodiversity and loss of stability |
| What do the arrows on a food web show? | Shows the direction of energy flow, not who eats who |
| The Trophic Position | Organisms place on a food web or chain, AKA ecological position |
| Seahorse key Island | Nesting area for shorebirds and cottonmouth snakes |
| Interaction networks | Network interaction, computer software, social networking, business models, protein interactions |
| Bio indicator or environmental indicator species | Species that are sensitive to environmental change. An example of this would be zoo plankton which tells us about coral reefs. |
| Biomagnification | The tendency for pollutants and chemicals to increase in concentration as you go up trophic levels |
| Muck farming | When you drain water off of your crops |
| Predation | When one organism captures, kills, and eats another organism |
| Aposematic coloration | Venomous or poisonous species advertises its toxicity by bright coloration or bold patterns |
| Venomous | Pokes, jabs, stings with a special structure |
| Poisonous | Toxic stuff in/on it |
| Deimatic display | Putting on a behavior to startle or distract predators |
| Parasitism | When one organism lives off another for nourishment or to complete its life cycle; parasite benefits, but the host is harmed, but often not killed |
| Commensalism | When one organism benefits from another, but has no measurable effect on it |
| Amensalism | a relationship between organisms when one is negatively affected, and the other is neutral. Examples of this are elephants, black, walnuts, and penicillium. |
| Mutualism | When two organisms live in close association with each other and both benefit |
| Community ecology | Total range of conditions in which an organism or population survives and replaces itself |
| Niche | an organism’s role in the community; based on environmental resources or competition |
| Hutchinsonian niche hyper volume | Visualizes an organisms niche as a multidimensional space |
| Fundamental niche | Full potential niche of a species |
| Realized niche | Portion of the fundamental niche that is actually filled. Due to abiotic conditions, competition, or other species interactions |
| Ontogeny | Age related differences; Different stages of a species life cycle can change its trophic/ecological niche |
| Direct competition | Physical competition between individuals |
| Intraspecific competition | Competing with species |
| Interspecific competition | Competition across species |
| Competitive exclusion principle | Two organisms will be in competition with each other if they occupy the same niche at the same time in the same place. Competition will induce niche partitioning or extirpation |
| Gause 1934 | Two species of paramecium when separate will level out in population. When together, the premium species start competing. |
| Lotka-Volterra Model | Understand the outcome of competition interactions between species, model is a snapshot in time. Competition between two species for the same resource shows coexistence as possible, when intraspecific competition is greater than interspecific competition. |
| Biological traits of invasive species | Fast reproductive rates, generalists, pioneer, species, or colonizers, long lived, no natural population control, no parasites or diseases common to native species |
| Native species | Naturally occurring |
| Non-native species | Not naturally occurring, it is introduced |
| Invasive species | Introduced, upsets natural ecosystem, and out competes native species |
| Mechanical species control | Physically removes invasive species; can get difficult with a large number of invasive individuals |
| Chemical species control | Herbicide, fungicide, etc. |
| Biological species control | Add a biological agent, bring in another species and hope it only eats the invasive species, can cause even more problems if handled incorrectly |
| Prevention | Regulation on certain pets, plants, etc. |
| Native invasive species | Native species that became invasive due to a change in the ecosystem, often caused by humans |
| Eutrophication of ponds/lakes | Increase in nutrients (nitrogen/phosphorus) in an aquatic habitat; negative consequences |
| Population ecology | Can be characterized by gene frequency, age distribution, sex ratio, population density, growth rate, interactions, spatial distribution, and dispersal |
| R- selected species | Produces large numbers of offspring per season and shows little parental investment; quantity |
| K-selected species | Produce few offspring, but show high parental investment; quality |
| Type one survivorship curve | High mortality in post reproductive years |
| Type two survivorship curve | Constant mortality throughout lifespan |
| Type three survivorship curve | Very high early mortality, but survivors live long; stay reproductive |
| Population growth curve | Based on rate at which individuals enter and leave population; exponential and logistic growth curves |
| J-shaped growth curve | Not sustainable, too many individuals |
| What happens as population grows | Barrel example; starvation, accidents, pollution, disease, predation, old age |
| Density-dependent limiting factor | Population size limited by predation, food, resources, disease |
| Density-independent limiting factor | Often abiotic (weather, pollution, natural disasters) |
| Lotka-Volterra predator – prey model | Understand the outcome of predator/prey interactions and their effects on population size |
| Meta population | a set of spatial separated populations of the same species which have some form of migration between the sub populations |
| Island biogeography model | MacArthur and Wilson (1967); variables in the equilibrium theory include the species-area of relationship, island-mainland relationship, dispersal mechanisms, and species turnover; small, disconnected islands have fewer species; large islands have more |
| What are communities | They are part of larger, terrestrial regions, known as biomes |
| What are biomes? | They are characterized by the amount of yearly precipitation and temperature they receive; examples of this are grasslands, deserts, tropical rainforest, temperate deciduous forests, and taiga |
| Permafrost | No trees, roots can’t grow |
| Alpine | Trees exist to a certain point, then elevation becomes too high |
| Succession | The change in an ecosystem overtime |
| Pioneer species | Grows very quickly in moderate soil |
| Secondary succession | Not a restart, more like a reset. Occurs when a community reestablishes itself after an upset of some sort, like a natural disaster. |
| Economics | Wealth and distribution, regulation, welfare |
| Ecology | Science, data, education |
| Culture | Projection, recreation, engagement, enquiry, and learning |
| Weather | Day to day, month-to-month, season to season variation |
| Climate | Trend line or pattern of weather over a period of time |
| Greenhouse effect | Compounds have been sent into the air and clogging the ozone, allowing sun raised to overheat the Earth |
| Greenhouse gases | Carbon dioxide 75%, methane 16%, nitrous oxide 6% |
| Model | An organism you want to look like |
| Mimic | The individual that tries to look like the model |
| Target | A predator or possible prey |
| What two major factors drive weather? | Air and ocean temperatures |
| What is methane? | It is frozen in ice and is less abundant than Co2 |
| What are ice caps? | They are reflectors of sunlight for the planet |
| What are climate refugees? | people fleeing their homes due to climate change |
| Who’s responsible for Co2 emissions? | China, United States, and India |
| What is a tipping point? | Where we can no longer repair the environment from damage |
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