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DNA n RNA exam

DNA n RNA Structure and function learning objectives

QuestionAnswer
Identify the heredity molecule that composes the genetic material of living Organisms. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the primary hereditary molecule, containing genetic instructions for all living organisms.
Recognize the individuals accredited to the discovery of the structure of DNA. James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin (whose X-ray diffraction data was crucial) are credited with elucidating the double helix structure of DNA in 1953.
Describe the structural features of the DNA molecule to include the molecules that make up the nucleotides, the specific sugar, the type of bonds, the purines, the pyrimidines, structural shape, and nucleotide pairings. following 7 slides
Nucleotides Building blocks containing a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases.
Sugar Deoxyribose.
Bonds Sugar-phosphate backbone linked by phosphodiester bonds; base pairs connected by hydrogen bonds (A-T, C-G).
Purines Adenine (A) and Guanine (G).
Pyrimidines Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T).
Shape Double helix (twisted ladder).
Pairings Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T); Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G) (Chargaff's rules)
Explain the statement “DNA replication is semi conservative “. Each new DNA molecule consists of one original (parental) strand and one newly synthesized strand, ensuring genetic continuity.
Outline the roles of DNA polymerase and the other major enzymes in DNA Replication. DNA Polymerase: Synthesizes new DNA strands, adds nucleotides, and proofreads for errors.Helicase: Unwinds the double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds.Primase: Adds short RNA primers to start synthesis.Ligase: Joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand
Compare leading and lagging strands of a replicating DNA molecule. Leading Strand: Synthesized continuously towards the replication fork. Lagging Strand: Synthesized discontinuously in short Okazaki fragments away from the fork.
Explain the significance of telomeres and the role of telomerase. Telomeres: Protective caps at chromosome ends, preventing DNA loss during replication. Telomerase: Enzyme that adds DNA sequences to telomeres, maintaining chromosome length, especially in germ/stem cells.
Demonstrate the three basic steps common to DNA repair mechanisms. Recognition/Excision: Damage/error detected, damaged segment removed (e.g., by nucleases). Synthesis: DNA polymerase fills the gap using the complementary strand as a template. Ligation: DNA ligase seals the phosphodiester bond, joining fragments.
Created by: Brooke123456789
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