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BruzzanoExam5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The study of relationships between organisms and their environments that determine distribution and abundance. | ecology |
| Anything biotic or abiotic that has an effect on an organism. | envirnoment |
| Ecology is studies at an ______________ level due to the difficulty of studying nature because of numerous factors involved. | organizational |
| Organizational levels ecologists study in order from smaller to broadest. | individual, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere |
| Living systems can be organized by ____________ relationships meaning how much of this is exchanged between organisms. | energy |
| Organisms that trap sunlight and convert light into organic compounds are called what? | producers |
| Energy in compounds travel through different system levels by organisms called ___________ consuming the producers. | consumers |
| Graphic visualizations used to show energy flow and energy quantity as it moves through a system. | energy flow diagrams |
| ______________ productivity is the rate at which plants and other photosynthetic organisms produce organic compounds in an ecosystem. | primary |
| Most important part of all organisms are _________ compounds | carbon |
| 3 main carbon producers on Earth - | oceans, rainforests, other terrestrial plants |
| Another name for ecological pyramids | trophic pyramids |
| Organisms at the top of trophic pyramids are called what? | apex predators |
| Why do scientists use a pyramid when studying ecosystems? | energy is converted from level to level and lose energy at each stage so that the producers have a much wider base than the apex predator at the top resulting in a pyramid. |
| About _________% of available energy is lost from 1 trophic level to the next. | 90 |
| This scientist is know for the selfish gene theory. | Richard Dawkins |
| The amount of energy passed between trophic levels is calculated by what? | number of individuals and biomass |
| Dry weight of all organisms or organic matter at a trophic level - | biomass |
| 3 ecosystem pyramids that can be analyzed. | energy, biomass, population numbers |
| This method of analyzing an ecosystem follows the flow of energy in an ecosystem by looking at trophic dynamics. | trophic cascade |
| 2 views of trophic cascade - | top-down, bottom-up |
| If bottom of pyramid organisms are removed and it disrupts the entire ecosystem, it is called a ________ ecosystem. | bottom-up |
| If apex predators removed from an ecosystem and it disrupts the entire ecosystem, it is called a _________ ecosystem. | top-down |
| Alewhite fish introduction to Great Lakes which changed the top of the trophic pyramid is an example of a _________ ecosystem. | top-down |
| This scientist studied Wildebeest populations and argued to leave them alone even though their population had grown exponentially stating that it was the natural state of the ecosystem in that area. | Tony Sinclair |
| This scientist studied the relationship between sea otters and sea urchins in giant kelp forests and discovered that if you remove the otters, the sea urchins take over, and the kelp dies. | James Estes |
| This scientist studied top-down energy in the sea stars project and found that the sea star is a keystone species and its removal would disrupt the entire ecosystem. | Robert Paine |
| The most important species in an ecosystem = | keystone species |
| Does the keystone species have to be large? | no |
| Could phytoplankton be a keystone species? | yes |
| Do you include decomposers in trophic cascades/food webs? | no |
| What happened on Seahorse Key Island (where Professor Wooten does research) in 2015 that disrupted the ecosystem? | all the birds left the island |
| Why were the birds important on Seahorse Key Island? | They had a sympatric relationship with venomous snakes. |
| Sympartic relationship = | organisms that occupy the same geographic area |
| The snakes on Seahorse Key Island where Professor Wooten studied can't go in salt water, so how do they eat? | food dropped by birds |
| On Seahorse Key Island where Professor Wooten studied, what other organism lived on the island that likes to eat the bird eggs? | rats |
| On Seahorse Key Island that Professor Wooten studied what kept the rats away from the birds? | snakes |
| What did Professor Wooten develop for Seahorse Key Island that had not been done before? | food interaction network or food web |
| This allows for visualization of network and quantitative measurements of node (species) relationships within that network. | interaction networks |
| What conclusion did Professor Wooten have about the birds after building a food interaction network of Seahorse Key Island? | Birds were a keystone species |
| The tendency for pollutants and chemicals to increase in concentration as you go up trophic levels is called what? | biomagnification |
| Prime example of biomagnification that occurred in the 70s and impacted fish-eating birds. | DDT in water caused fish-eating birds to die due to Biomagnification which caused their shells to get thinner and crack and so no offspring. |
| What 2 laws changed the problem with DDT in the water leading to a rebound of the fish-eating birds? | Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act |
| Cyanobacteria bloom caused by fertilizer runoff killing all fish except Shad which contain a lot of Thiamin which breaks down B1 and caused neurological damage to this organism and lead to this phrase to describe the organism? | zoombie alligators |
| When 1 organism captures, kills, and eats another organism - | predation |
| When there is strong selective pressure for adaptation, what are some adaptations evolved in various organisms? | camouflage, mimicry, toxins, morphology, temporal and spatial range change |
| What is one of the strongest selective pressures? | predation |
| 3 major players of mimicry - | model, mimic, target |
| The organism that another organism is trying to mimic that is usually toxic to other organisms is called the mimicry ________. | model |
| The organism trying to look like the model in order to attract or repeal another organism is the _________ in Mimicry. | mimic |
| The organism that the mimic is trying to attract or repel is called the mimicry ____. | target |
| Why does the Viceroy Butterfly mimic the Monarch Butterfly? | The Monarch Butterfly is toxic so the Viceroy Butterfly mimics it to avoid predation. |
| What is the target of the Viceroy Butterfly mimicry? | Birds that eat butterflies like the Bluejay |
| What is it called when an organism advertises their toxicity with bright coloration or bold patterns? | aposematic coloration |
| Any pattern of bluffing behavior in an animal that lacks strong defenses, such as suddenly displaying conspicuous eyespots to scare off or momentarily distract a predator, thus giving the prey animal an opportunity to escape. | deistic display |
| When 1 organism feeds off of another organism. | parasitism |
| Who benefits from parasitism? | parasite |
| Does the host of a parasite die? | not usually, rather the host is usually kept alive for the benefit of the parasite. |
| The Vampire Vine, which is yellow because it is not photosynthetic, sucks up the xylem and phloem of the Doddler Vine. This is an example of what? | parasitism |
| Lampreys attaching to fish and feeding off of it is an example of what? | parasitism |
| When 1 organism benefits from another but has no measurable affect on it. | commensalism |
| When a Remora fish hitches a ride on a shark which is unharmed this is called what? | commensalism |
| Bromeliads, Spanish Moss, and Lazareth Ferns which all live in trees but have no effect on them is an example of what? | commensalism |
| A relationship between organisms where 1 is negatively affected and the other is neutral. | amensalism |
| An elephant stepping on organisms killing them but not affecting the elephant is an example of what? | amensalism |
| When a black walnut tree secrets toxins in the ground that kill other plants but doesn't impact the walnut tree, it is an example of what? | amensalism |
| When 2 organisms live in close association with each other and both benefit. | mutualism |
| Acacia ants live in the thorns of Acacia trees so that the ants get a home and food and if anything attacks the tree, the ants attack it is an example of what? | mutualism |
| Sea anemones and clown fish, cleaner wrasse/ cleaner shrimp and fish, frogs in a tarantula den that eats all the insects in the burrow which is good for the tarantulas, ants and aphids, coral and zooxanthellae are all examples of what? | mutualism |
| The study of how different species interact within a shared environment, focusing relationships, distribution, and structure of populations examining factors like biodiversity, interactions, and abiotic impacts on these communities. | community ecology |
| The role of an organism in the community is called its _________. | niche |
| A _________, which is an organisms role, is based on environment, adaptations, resources, competition. | niche |
| An earthworm is a ground dwelling organism that renews soil nutrients, feeds on dead organic matter and soil, aerates and hydrates soil layers and is potential food for a variety of organisms within its niche is and example of what kind of a niche? | broad |
| A hummingbird is an avian pollinator within it's niche dimensions sometimes only pollinating one type of plant is and example of what type of niche? | narrow |
| A _______________ niche refers to a multi-dimensional space that defines the environmental conditions and resources necessary for a species to survive and reproduce. It emphasizes how species coexist by using different resources within their habitat. | Hutchinsonian |
| The full potential niche of a species - | fundamental niche |
| The portion of the fundamental niche that is actually filled due to abiotic conditions, competition, or other species - | realized niche |
| Two species of barnacles are in the same location. The Chthamalus occupies the top of the banks and the Balanus occupies the bottom which is better. The fundamental niche for both species is what? The realized niche for the Chthamulus is what? | entire bank, top of the bank |
| When there is competition within the same species it is called what? | intraspecific competition |
| When there is competition across 2 or more species it is called what? | interspecific competition |
| A hawk and owl hunt for the same thing. The hawk hunts during the day and the owl hunts at night = | indirect competition |
| 2 organisms will be in competition with each other when they occupy the same niche at the same time in the same place will induce niche partitioning or extripation (extinction in the specific area) is what principle? | competitive exclusion principle |
| Gause did an experiment with 2 species of paramecium where they were grown separately in one test and together in the other one. Both populations increased in number in the first. In the second, 1 species died out. This is an example of what? | competitive exclusion principle |
| In a study of 5 species of warblers in spruce trees it was determined that each species used a different part of the trees. This is an example of what? | competitive exclusion principle |
| 110 species Lemurs in Madagascar where they are endemic (only place they live) were found to have different diets and different habitats. This is an example of what? | competitive exclusion principle |
| 4 possible outcomes of competition and interaction between species under the Lotka-Volterra model. | 1 wins, the other wins, both win, undecided |
| Competition between 2 species for the same resources shows that coexistence is possible when __________ competition is stronger than __________ competition. | intraspecies, interspecies |
| A species introduced into a place other than where it naturally occurs. | non-native |
| A species that is usually, but not always, non-native that upsets the natural ecosystem and outcompetes the native species. | invasive |
| Biological traits of an invasive species. | fast reproduction, generalists, colonizers, no natural population control, no parasites or diseases common to native species |
| Is the non-native Norway spruce introduced in Michigan that doesn't cause any ecosystem problems invasive? | no |
| 3 ways to control invasive species once established. | mechanical, chemical, biological |
| What is the best way to prevent invasive species? | prevention |
| In the US, Asian ladybugs were brought in and they were invasive. Aphids were used to control the ladybugs. This is an example of what method of control? | biological |
| In New Zealand, the invasive mist flower took over. So, they brought in a fungus and the gall fly and now the mist flower is gone. This is an example of what method of control? | biological |
| Can a native species be invasive? | yes |
| The white-tailed deer in Michigan is an example of what? | native invasive species |
| How did the white tailed deer become invasive? | Wolf removal |
| The Japanese jellyfish called Nomara became invasive and is now destroying the fishing industry. Why did it become invasive? | increase in water temperature and coastal sediment - climate change |
| An increase in nutrients in aquatic habitats usually caused by run-off from industry, agriculture, and recreation causing increases in toxic bacteria and algae = | eutrophication |
| A field of ecology that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment, such as birth and death rates, and by immigration and emigration. | population ecology |
| In reproduction ecology, ___ selected species are organisms that reproduce quickly and in large numbers, often with little parental care. They thrive in unstable environments where many offspring die, such as insects and small mammals. | r |
| In reproduction ecology _____ selected species are organisms that produce fewer offspring but invest more parental care in each one, leading to a higher chance of survival for the young. They thrive in environments w/ lower competition for resources. | k |
| 3 types of survivorship curves: | type 1, type II, type III |
| Survivorship curve that shows high survival rates throughout its life, with a significant drop in numbers as individuals reach old age. | Type I |
| This survivorship curve shows a constant probability of dying at each age, resulting in a linear decline in the number of survivors over time. Often observed in species like birds and small mammals. | Type II |
| This survivorship curve is characterized by high mortality rates early in life, where most individuals die young, but those that survive to a certain age tend to live longer. This pattern is typical of r selected species. | Type III |
| What type of survivorship curve is an oyster? | type III |
| What type of survivorship curve is a hydra? | type II |
| What type of survivorship curve is a human? | type I |
| ____________ ecology and _________ factors limit population growth. | reproductive, environmental |
| Population growth curve is based on what? | rate at which individuals enter and leave the population |
| 2 types of growth curves | J S |
| A growth curve that is exponential and curves up. | J |
| A growth curve that starts as a J but then levels off at the Carrying Capacity (K). | S |
| Population size limited by predation, food, resources, disease, and size itself are known as ___________ limiting factors. | density-dependent |
| Population size limited by weather, natural disasters, pollution, etc. are called __________ limiting factors. | density-independent |
| The _________________ model is a mathematical framework that describes the dynamics of interactions between two species: one as a predator and the other as prey. It uses math to show how the populations fluctuate often oscillating. | Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey |
| Is carry capacity (K) fixed? | no |
| Wildlife management operates at what population control system? | K/2 |
| The study of groups of spatially separated populations of the same species that interact through migration and genetic exchange. This concept helps understand how these populations can survive and thrive in fragmented habitats. | metapopulation ecology |
| MacAurthus and Wilson came up with a model about populations on islands called what? | island biogeography model also know as the equilibrium theory |
| What factors are considered in the island biogeography model/equilibrium theory? | number of species in an area, size of the island, distance to mainland, how species disperse, species turnover |
| Small, isolated islands have ________ species turnover and has ______ population density. | fewer, lower |
| Large, nearby islands have ___________ species turnover and has ______ population density | more, higher |
| ______________ become fixed in smaller populations. | mutations |
| Island _______ and _________ determines population size, species turnover, and endemism. | distance, area |
| There is a correlation between _________ and endemic species. | isolation |
| Habitat islands or fragmentation show a _______% decrease in biodiversity. | 50 |
| In Brazil, the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragmentation Project showed that decades after cattle farms on previous rainforests were abandoned there was a ________ % decrease in the biodiversity that came back. | 50 |
| In fragmented habitats what is crucial for species to reduce competition and find resources? | habitat corridors |
| _______________ are parts of larger, terrestrial regions known as biomes. | communities |
| _____________ are characterized by the amount of yearly precipitation and temperature. | biome |
| 2 major abiotic factors that determine a biome. | precipitation, temperature |
| What covered Michigan 15,000 years ago? | glacier |
| Change in ecosystem over time (where rock becomes a forest) = | succession |
| What comes before the first, or primary succession? | bare rock |
| What comes first in a primary succession? | mosses, grasses, lichens |
| What comes second in a primary succession? | grasses, perrenials |
| What comes third in a primary succession? | woody pioneer trees, shrubs, bushes |
| What comes fourth in a primary succession? | fast growing trees |
| What comes last in a primary succession? | climax forest |
| What trees are found in a climax forest? | slow growing trees like oak, maple, beech |
| If a volcanic eruption destroys an area leaving only volcanic rock and things start growing back, it is called what? | secondary succession |
| What are the 4 circles of sustainability? | economics, ecology, politics, culture |
| Greehouse gases consist of _____% CO2, _____% methane, ____% nitrous oxide, and _______ % F-gases | 76, 16, 6, 2 |
| Of CO2, __________% is caused by fossil fuel and industrial processes and ______ % is caused by forestry and other land uses. | 65, 11 |
| CO2 output since the Industrial Revolution = | 365 billion metric tons |
| CO2 output due to deforestation = | 185 billion metric tons |
| Current annual CO2 output = | 9 billion metric tons per year |
| How much CO2 is absorbed by oceans? | 1/3 |
| The current level of CO2 is ________ ppm and is the highest in _________ years. | 420, 800,000 |
| In areas of the ocean with naturally high levels of CO2 (ie where vents occur) approximately ______ % of species diversity is absent. | 33 |
| ________% of everything you recycle goes to a landfill. | 90 |
| As CO2 in ocean increases, ________ decreases. This is called ocean ________. | pH, acidification |
| 2 major factors that drive weather patterns. | air temperature, ocean temperature |
| Major indicator of climate change that are decreasing in size faster than they should. | glaciers |
| Why are polar bears dying? | glacier loss |
| ________% of the Earth's surface is covered by glacial ice. | 10 |
| When glacial ice melts, what can be released? | methane |
| It is estimated that there will be __________ million climate refugees within the next decade or two. | 300 |
| What 3 countries contribute the most greenhouse gases? | US, China, India |
| What country contributes the most greenhouse gases per person (per capita)? | US |
| An increase in global temperatures by _______ C = an environmental tipping point where there is no going back. | 2 |
| ____________ law also known as the competitive exclusion principle, states that two species competing for the same limited resources cannot coexist at constant population sizes; one will eventually outcompete the other. | Gause |
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mbruzzano
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