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Cumulative For Final
Yeah I aint studying this one
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Properties shared by all living things | Basic characteristics common to all organisms (study list such as organization, metabolism, homeostasis, growth, adaptation, response, reproduction) |
| Descent with modification | Evolutionary principle stating species change over generations |
| Natural selection | Mechanism where individuals with advantageous traits reproduce more successfully |
| Subatomic particles vs atoms vs elements vs molecules | Distinguishing smallest particles, single atoms, pure substances, and bonded atoms |
| Atomic number | Number of protons in an atom |
| Total protons and electrons | Identifying atom’s charge balance |
| Valence electrons | Electrons in outer shell of atom |
| Valence number/bonding capacity | Number of bonds an atom can form |
| Bond type prediction | Determine nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic based on electronegativity |
| Hydrogen bond formation | Weak attraction between partially charged molecules |
| Why water forms hydrogen bonds | Due to its polarity and unequal charge distribution |
| Cohesion (water) | Water molecules sticking to each other via H-bonds |
| Temperature stability | Hydrogen bonds resist temperature change |
| Water as a solvent | Polarity allows dissolving many solutes |
| Valence of carbon | Carbon can form 4 bonds |
| Bonds with oxygen & nitrogen | Predict C–O and C–N bonding patterns |
| Four major organic molecule classes | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
| Carbohydrate structure & function | Sugars and polymers used for energy/storage |
| Lipid structure & examples | Nonpolar molecules like fats, phospholipids, steroids |
| Protein structure levels | Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
| Amino acid side chains | Chemical properties influence folding & interactions |
| Nucleic acid structure | DNA/RNA made of nucleotides; RNA differs from DNA in sugar, bases, structure |
| Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes | Differences in complexity, organelles, and size |
| Nucleus | Stores DNA; control center |
| Ribosomes | Protein synthesis |
| Rough ER | Protein processing |
| Smooth ER | Lipid synthesis & detox |
| Golgi apparatus | Modifies, sorts, packages proteins |
| Lysosomes | Digestive enzymes for breakdown |
| Cytoskeleton | Cell structure (microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin) |
| Plasma membrane structure | Phospholipid bilayer influenced by temp and composition |
| Transport types | Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis |
| Solute movement prediction | Based on molecule type and concentration gradient |
| Osmosis | Water moves toward higher solute concentration |
| Catabolic vs anabolic | Breakdown vs building reactions |
| Exergonic vs endergonic | Energy-releasing vs energy-requiring |
| ATP in reactions | Provides energy to drive endergonic processes |
| Enzymes | Lower activation energy to speed reactions |
| Overall reaction | Glucose + oxygen → CO₂ + water + ATP |
| Steps of respiration | Glycolysis → Pyruvate oxidation → Citric acid cycle → ETC/Oxidative phosphorylation |
| Location of steps | Glycolysis in cytosol; rest in mitochondria |
| Glycolysis reactants/products | Glucose → pyruvate + small ATP + NADH |
| Citric acid cycle products | NADH, FADH₂, CO₂, small ATP |
| Role of electron transport chain | Creates proton gradient |
| ATP synthase | Uses gradient to generate ATP |
| Steps using oxygen | ETC consumes oxygen |
| Steps producing ATP | Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation |
| Purpose of fermentation | Regenerates NAD⁺ when oxygen is absent |
| Light reactions summary | Produce O₂, ATP, NADPH through photosystems |
| Calvin cycle summary | Uses CO₂ to form sugars using ATP/NADPH |
| Four phases of cell cycle | G1, S, G2, M |
| Cyclins/Cdks | Regulate cell cycle progression |
| Cell cycle checkpoints | Ensure accuracy before moving forward |
| 5 stages of mitosis | Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| Mitosis events | Spindle formation, nuclear envelope breakdown, chromosome alignment, chromatid separation, nuclei reform |
| S phase/mitosis errors | Lead to incorrect chromosome numbers |
| Cell cycle control loss → cancer | Unregulated division causes tumors |
| Why variation is important | Helps populations survive long-term |
| Sexual reproduction & diversity | Crossing over, independent assortment, fertilization |
| Meiosis events | S phase → Meiosis I (homologs separate) → Meiosis II (sister chromatids separate) |
| Crossing over occurs | Prophase I |
| Independent assortment occurs | Metaphase I |
Created by:
trumoo312
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