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Exam 5
Ecology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ecology | the study of the relationships between organisms and their environments that determine distribution and abundance |
| Environment | anything that has an effect on an organism |
| Biotic | living factors |
| Abiotic | non-living factors |
| Types of ecology | Behavioral ecology Physiological/chemical ecology Evolutionary ecology Conservation ecology Theoretical ecology |
| Is ecology difficult to study? | Ecology is difficult to study due to the numerous factors , |
| The ecology of a tree includes | Temperature Competition Photosynthesis pH Other organisms Even more factors |
| Ecology organization levels? | Individual, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere |
| Individual | Individual studies, opens the door for anomalies |
| Population | Group of same species |
| Community | Groups of several different species interacting |
| Ecosystem | The abiotic and biotic factors of the environment |
| Biome | The whole area (example: rainforests) |
| Biosphere | Global ecosystem |
| What else can living systems be organized by? | Living systems can also be organized by energy relationships |
| Producers | organisms that trap sunlight and convert light into organic compounds (sugar) |
| Consumers | organisms that consume the producers; energy in compounds travels through different system levels by the consumption of producers |
| Energy flow diagrams | graphic visualization used to show energy flow and energy quantity as it moves through a system (cal./unit area/time) |
| Primary productivity | rate at which plants and other photosynthetic organisms produce organic compounds in the ecosystem |
| Oceans and rainforests | primary productivity habitat types (grasslands/forests are 3rd place) |
| Ecological pyramid (trophic pyramid) NOT a food pyramid | Producers are at the base (algae, grasses, protists) |
| Primary consumer | eat the producers [plant-eating heterotrophs, so herbivores, filter-feeders, etc.] |
| Secondary consumers | eat the primary consumers, these aren’t herbivores |
| Tertiary consumers | eat the secondary consumers |
| Quaternary consumers | top (apex) predators; examples include sharks, hawks, and snapping turtles |
| Why a pyramid? | Living systems are energy-converting machines and lose energy at each stage 90% of available energy lost from one trophic level to the next Therefore, there isn’t enough energy to have more predators than prey in an ecosystem |
| Hectare | 100 m x 100 m |
| Methods of calculating how much energy is passed between trophic levels | Numbers of individuals Biomass |
| Numbers of individuals | Quadrats can be used to tell how many individuals of each different species are present in an area Numbers aren’t always accurate, though. For example, an oak tree isn’t just one producer |
| Biomass | The dry weight of all organisms/organic matter at a trophic level, Weight of each group, Can be difficult due to extrapolating and accumulation of biomass Algae is consumed as soon as it’s produced Biomass in the gut of zooplankton |
| How can we follow the flow of energy in an ecosystem? | We can follow the flow of energy in an ecosystem by looking at trophic dynamics. Food pyramid, food web |
| Trophic cascade | the effects of predators (+/-) |
| Spartina grass example | Spartina grass are preyed upon by periwinkle marsh snails (the snail’s presence is therefore (-) for the grass; but, the grass’ presence is (+) for the snail) |
| Blue crab example | Blue crabs prey upon the snails, so they have a (-) effect upon the snail, but a (+) effect on the spartina grass because they are eating the grass’ predators. Because they are a source of food for the crabs, the snails have a (+) effect upon the crabs |
| Bottom-Up Ecology | removing a level at the bottom of the ecosystem causes the entire ecosystem to crumble. |
| Top-Down Ecology | often captured in a trophic cascade |
| Where are top-down ecology typically located? | Generally in lakes where zooplanktivorous fish are the top trophic level there is a reduced zooplankton biomass and a shift in community composition toward smaller species and species with more effective defenses. Similar effects have been noted in benthi |
Created by:
rimajackson2
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