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Bio-phys 10
Study Notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| # of cell divisons in Mitosis | One cell divison |
| # of chromsomal duplications in Meiosis | One chromsomal duplication |
| # of chromsomal duplications in Mitosis | One chromsomal duplication |
| # of cell divisons in Meiosis | Two cell divisons |
| # of daughter cells producec in Mitosis | Two Daughter Cells |
| # of daughter cells producec in Meiosis | Four Daughter Cells |
| # of chromosomes in daugter cells in Mitosis | 2n |
| # of chromosomes in daugter cells in Meiosis | n |
| The process that produces haploid daughter cells in diploid organisms is called___________ | Meiosis |
| The process in which the nucleus and chromosomes divide | Mitosis |
| What is the Cell Cycle_______________? | An ordered sequence of events that extend from the time a cel is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells |
| What are three functions of cell division? | 1)Cell replacement 2)Growth of organism 3)Asexual reproduction of an organism |
| Condensed packages of DNA are called? | Chromosome |
| Relaxed form of DNA is called__________? | Chromatin |
| Replicated chromosomes are called? | Sister chromatids |
| A sex cell that contains 1/2 # of chromosomes | Gametes |
| The process whereby genetic info flowsn from genes to proteins; the flow of genetic info from genotype to the phenotype: DNA>RNA>Protein | Gene Expression |
| Cells that contain unpaired chromosomes, indicate as 1n | Haploid Cells |
| All body cells except gametes are called___________? | Somatic Cells |
| Describe the functions of Mitosis? | Mitosis is used in asexual reproduction, for the growth and repair of somatic cells,produces two identical cells |
| Describe the functions of Meiosis? | Meiosis is used in sexual reproduction of germ cells which produce variable offspring, 4 haploid cells w/diff quality of genetic info. |
| How many chromosomes do humans have? | Human have 23 diploid cells which contain 46 individual chromosomes, 23 from mother and 23 from father |
| What are the stages of Meiosis I and Meiosis II? | Meiosis I:Prophase I(2)MetaphaseI(3)anaphaseI(4)telophaseI(5)Interkinesis(6)ProphaseII(7)MetaphaseII(8)AnaphaseII(9)TelophaseII(10)Cytkinesis |
| What happens during Prophase I? | Homologous chromosomes pair together and exchange corresponding segments of DNA, they stay attached at chaisma(crossover point) |
| What happens during Metaphase I? | Homologous pairs line up oppiste each other at cell equator while spindle fibers attach to centrmeres of sister chromatids |
| Explain Anaphase I? | Homologous chromosomes seperate while sister chromatids remain attached and each end receives 1/2 of Homologous chromosome |
| Describe Telophase I? | Homologous chromosomes @ opposite poles cytokinesis begins along with reduction division resulting in each cell becoming haploids |
| What is Interkinesis? | Brief resting period btwn MeiosisI and MeiosisII |
| Spermatogenesis | 4 haploid sperm containing diff qualities of DNA,lose cytoplasm and develope flagella |
| Oogenesis | 4 haploid cells: 3 polar bodies and 1 Ovum |
| Non-Disjunction | Members of chromosome pair fail to seperate @ Anaphase resulting in gametes w/abnormal # of chromosomes |
| Trisomy-21 | Extra chromosome # 21 |
| Random Fertilization | Male and female gametes unite and fuse producing a diploid zygote |
| Character | Heritable feature that varies among individuals |
| Trait | A variable of a character |
| Dominant Traits | Exspressed even if other traits are present |
| Recessive Traits | May be masked by dominant traits |
| Genetic Cross | P-parental generation>purple+white F1-first generation offspring F2-second generation offspring |
| Monohybrid Cross | phenotype ratio is 3:1 parents only have 1 character difference |
| Different molecular foms of a gene are called? | Alleles |
| Segments of DNA that code for specific traits;passed from parent to offspring are____________? | Genes |
| Particular alleles carried by an individual are known as___________? | Genotypes |
| What are Phenotypes | An individuals observed traits |
| Mendel's Law of Segregation | A sperm or egg carries only 1 allele for each inherited character, during Meiosis the alleles segregate from each other and end up in different gametes |
| Mendel's Law of Indepedent Assortment | During Meiosis alleles on homologous pairs assort independently of their other pairs |
| Natural Selection | A process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than are individuals with other traits |
| Evolutionary adaptation | A populations increase in the frequency of traits suited to the environment |
| Phases of the cell cycle ? | Interphase and M phase - Interphase contains G1 (gap1), S phase (DNA synthesis), and G2 (gap 2) - M phase contains M (mitosis) and then cell ceases division . |
| Peroxisomes protect other cell parts from __ | H2O2 - hydrogen peroxide |
| Centrosome | Centrioles & pericentricular material - miotic spindle organizing center |
| Endosymbiotic theory | Larger bacterial cell lost their cell walls & engulfed smaller bacterial cells & so eukaryotes formed |
| Similar to bacterial cells, both mitochondria & chloroplasts contain __ | circular DNA & can reproduce on own |
| What is the significance of genetic variation and natural selection? | Genetic variation drives evolution |
| Sporogenesis/sporulation | Process of endospore formation |
| Germination | When endospore returns to health later - water enters |
| What kingdoms contain eukaryote organisms | Alge, protozoa, fungi, plants, & animals |
| What is antibiotic significance of eukaryote cells not containing peptidoglycan | Penicillins & cephalosporins act against peptidoglycan & therefore don't affect eukaryote cells |
| How do plasma membranes differ between eukaryote and prokaryote | Prokaryote lack sterols and carbs |
| Cytosol | refers to fluid portion of cytoplasm |
| cytoplasmic streaming | Movement of cytoplasm in cell that helps distribute nutrients & move a cell over a surface |
| Many enzymes found in cytoplasmic fluid of prokaryote are sequestered in __ of eukaryote | Organelles |
| Nuclear pores control __ | Movement of substances between nucleus & cytoplasm |
| Nucleoli/nucleolus | Condensed regions of chromosomes where rRNA is being synthesized |
| Cisterns | Flattened membrane sacs of ER |
| ER contains __ & synthesizes __ | unique enzymes - phospholipids, fats & sterols |
| What are the functions of golgi complex | Package substances in vesicles for transport |
| Cristae | Outer mitochondrial membrane |
| __ are organelles that can reproduce more or less on their own | Mitochondria |
| Many of the metabolic steps involved in cellular respiration are concentrated in __ | matrix of mitochondria |
| Chloroplast | Organelle in algae & green plants that contain chlorophyll & enzymes |
| Chlorophyll is contained in what sacs | Thylakoids |
| __ in plants can reproduce on own like mitochondria | Chloroplasts |
| How are mitochondria similar to prokaryote cells | How they reproduce - increase in size - then divide in two |
| How does cytokinesis differ in animal and plant cells | Plant cells go through cell plate Animal cells go through cleavage furrow |
| Eukaryotic mitosis is thought to have evolved from | binary fission |
| Why is the regulation of the cell cycle critical to normal cells | For normal growth, development, and maintenance |
| What is the G1 checkpoint and where does it fit into the cycle | It decides if DNA synthesis can begin It's a primary decision (restriction) point, if the cell gets a "go signal" it will divide, if not the cell exits the cycle and goes to the G0 phase |
| What evidence is there that regulation is chemical in nature | Cytoplasm gets a cue from chemical signals when it's time for the cell to divide The signals are usually proteins |
| Cell Wall | A structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell |
| Cell Membrane | A protective layer that covers the cell's surface and controls what moves in and out of the cell |
| Cytoplasm | The fluid, jelly-like substance that fills the cell |
| Nucleus | A large organelle in a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's DNA/chromosomes/genetic material |
| Chloroplast | Organelles in plant cells that trap sunlight; organelle in which photosynthesis takes place |
| Chromosome | Structures in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells made of DNA |
| Ribosome | An organelle that makes proteins |
| Lysosome | The organelle that digests food particles, wastes, cell parts, and foreign invaders |
| Mitochondria | The organelles that that break down food/sugar to release energy |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | The organelle that transports proteins around the cell |
| Golgi Body | The organelle that packages proteins before they leave the cell |
| Vacuole | The organelle that stores water and other materials |
| Nucleolus | The dark area of the nucleus which stores materials that will be used to make ribosomes |
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