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Bio Lab Exam 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The name “human” is an example of a | common name. |
| Current scientific thought places organisms in one of ___ kingdoms. | six |
| Which of the following is a problem associated with using common names for organisms? | Different species may share the same common name |
| Why do biologists use scientific names instead of common names? | Scientific names are unique and used worldwide |
| A scientific name consists of two parts. The first part is the ________, and the second part is the ________. | genus; specific epithet |
| Which format correctly follows the rules for writing a scientific name? | Quercus alba |
| What is the proper abbreviation after the first use of Quercus alba in a document? | Q. alba |
| The scientific name for bur oak is Quercus macrocarpa. In this name, “macrocarpa” refers to the organism’s: | specific epithet |
| When listing several species of the same genus, which is correct? | Spell out the genus only for the first species, then abbreviate for the others |
| The scientific name of a species includes: | The genus name + the specific epithet |
| Taxonomy is best defined as the science of: | Classifying and naming organisms |
| A phylogenetic classification system is one that: | Indicates evolutionary relationships |
| True or False: Common names can refer to more than one kind of organism. | True |
| True or False: Scientific names are the same worldwide, regardless of language. Answer: True | True |
| True or False: The specific epithet in a scientific name is always capitalized. | False |
| True or False: Quercus alba is the scientific name for the white oak. | True |
| True or False: The genus name must always be written in lowercase letters. | False |
| True or False: If Quercus alba appears multiple times in a document, it is acceptable to abbreviate it as Q. alba. | True |
| True or False: Biologists use common names because they are more precise than scientific names. | False |
| True or False: Taxonomy includes both the classification and naming of organisms. | True |
| True or False: A phylogenetic system classifies organisms according to their evolutionary ancestry. | True |
| True or False: In a list of several species in the same genus, the genus name must be written out in full for each species. | False |
| The scientific name for the ruffed grouse is Bonasa umbellus. Bonasa is | the genus. |
| A binomial is always a | two-part name |
| The science of classifying and naming organisms is known as | Taxonomy |
| Which scientific name for the wolf is presented correctly? | Canis lupus |
| A road that dichotomizes is | a road that forks into two roads. |
| Most scientific names are derived from | Latin |
| One problem with using common names is that | many organisms may have the same common name, many common names may exist for the same organism, the common name may not be familiar to an individual, not speaking the language of the common name. d) all of the above are true. |
| Phylogeny is the apparent | dichotomy of a system of classification. |
| Which of the following kingdoms contains organisms that are prokaryotic and include pathogens? | Kingdom Bacteria |
| Kingdom Archaea is best described as: | Prokaryotes evolutionarily between bacteria and eukaryotes |
| Which kingdom includes euglenoids, ciliates, dinoflagellates, amoebas, and many algae? | Protista |
| Which taxonomic classification directly follows “Family Hominidae” in humans? | Genus Homo |
| The specific epithet of modern humans is: | sapiens |
| What is the correct scientific name for humans? | Homo sapiens |
| Homo sapiens and Homo erectus are considered: | Different species in the same genus |
| What does a dichotomous key allow a user to do? | Identify an unknown organism by choosing between paired traits |
| When using a dichotomous key, it is important to: | Read both choices and avoid guessing measurements |
| Taxonomy is subject to change primarily because: | New information leads to revised interpretations |
| True or False: Kingdom Plantae includes both plants and fungi. | false |
| True or False: Humans belong to the phylum Chordata because they have a notochord during development. | true |
| True or False: The genus name for modern humans is Homo. | true |
| True or False: Homo sapiens and Homo erectus share the same genus but not the same specific epithet. | true |
| True or False: Kingdom Protista contains only multicellular organisms. | false |
| True or False: A dichotomous key uses branching choices between two options at a time. | true |
| True or False: When using a dichotomous key, it is acceptable to guess measurements if you are confident. | false |
| True or False: Taxonomy is a fixed science that does not change over time. | false |
| True or False: Kingdom Animalia includes humans. | true |
| True or False: If multiple specimens are available, you should base your identification on only one of them. | false |
| How can you verify that you have correctly identified an organism using a taxonomic key? | Compare it with a reference specimen identified by an expert |
| What is a taxonomist? | A scientist who names and classifies organisms |
| Which of the following is a common form of reference specimen used for plants? | Herbarium mounts |
| What is an herbarium? | A repository of preserved plant specimens |
| What is done to freshly collected plant specimens before they are added to an herbarium? | Flattened, dried, and mounted |
| What information is typically included on an herbarium label? | Scientific name, collector, location, date, and habitat info |
| Why are herbaria considered important? | They track long-term changes in plant diversity and environment |
| What might reference specimens for birds or fish look like? | Bottled or mounted specimens |
| What does the appearance or disappearance of certain plants often indicate? | Environmental change |
| Which of the following is a purpose of an herbarium? | To preserve plant specimens for future reference |
| True or False: Reference specimens are used to confirm the identity of organisms after using a taxonomic key. | True |
| True or False: A taxonomist is someone who collects plant specimens for fun. | false |
| True or False: Herbarium specimens are usually flattened, dried, and mounted on paper. | true |
| True or False: Herbaria only contain information about the scientific name of a plant. | False |
| True or False: Herbaria can show changes in plant diversity over long periods of time. | true |
| True or False: Bottled or mounted specimens are often used as reference specimens for birds or fish. | True |
| True or False: Herbarium labels include the collector’s name and the date of collection. | true |
| True or False: If your school has an herbarium, it may contain specimens dating back many years. | true |
| True or False: Using only one specimen is always enough to identify a plant accurately. | false |
| True or False: Herbaria are considered unimportant and rarely used by scientists today. | false |
| What does the classifying part mean in taxonomy? | grouping, catagorizing |
| What does the naming organisms part mean in taxonomy | standard names, internationally recognized for the over 2 million species on earth. |
| Name the six kingdoms of life. | Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia |
| What can members of the same species that look similar do? | Interbreed -- producing fertile offsprings |
| What do we use for everyday communications? | common names |
| What is binomial nomenclature | two word naming system |
| Who developed the 2 word naming system | Carl Linnaeus |
| Why was latin chosen as the language used in taxonomy | it was a common school curriculum to learn at the time |
| if the common name is human, the scientific name is : | homosapiens |
| if the common name is white oak, the scientific name is : | Querus alba |
| If the common name us house cat, the scientific name is : | Felis Catus |
| What did Linnaeus develop? | the concept of grouping organisms into catagories (taxa) |
| explain the kingdom archaea | prokaryotic, single celled, extremophiles |
| explain the kingdom bacteria | prokaryotic, single celled, bacteria and blue green algae (cynobacteria) |
| Explain the Kingdom protista | eukaryotic, some are single celled and some are multicelled. there are plant like (photosynthesizing) protist, including many algae (brown, red, and green) that are photosynthetic, and some protist are animal like (non-photosynthetic) |
| Explain the Kingdom Fungi | Eukaryotic, mostly multicelled (except yeast), cell walls present but no photosynthesis, heterotrophic but absorb nutrition and do not ingest nutrition. This group includes mushrooms and molds |
| explain the kingdom plantae | eukaryotic, multicelled, autotrophic by photosynthesis. |
| explain the kingdom Amalia | eukaryotic, multicelled, heterotrophic by ingestion |
| What are the 7 sub categories? | Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species |
| which of the 7 sub categories is the most general? | kingdom |
| which of the 7 sub categories is the most specific? | species |
| Acer is a | Genus |
| True or false: The plant kingdom contains more species than the archaea, bacteria, protista, and fungi kingdoms | True |
| explain "Phylum Byophyta" | they survive the best in moist terrestrial areas, relatively small in size, reproduce by spores that are tiny, single celled reproductive units. |
| what do bryophytes not have? | no vascular system, they have root-like systems and leaf like structures. |
| what do bryophytes have the appearence of | superficial appearence of roots, stems, and leaves. |
| What are some examples of bryophytes. | mosses and liverworms |
| explain "phylum tracheophyta" | they have a vascular (circulatory) system with true roots, stem, and leaf structures. |
| What can phylum tracheophyta's become? | they can become much larger and can survive in areas that are not constantly moist. |
| what are ferns? | a class of tracheophytes reproduced by spores that are tiny, single celled reproductive units. |
| what are Gymnosperms | a class of tracheophytes reporduced by seeds, but do not produce flowers or fruits. They produce seeds in cones. |
| what are seeds | seeds are multicelled, store abundant food, and are generally more successful than spores |
| what are angiosperms | a class of tracheophytes reproduced by seeds that are the product of flowers ad subsequent fruits. |
| Whats special about angiosperms | some angiosperms are monocots and others are dicots. they differ in terms of their flowers, seeds, leaves, and stems. |
| true or false: only plants tha produce fruits are angiosperms | true |
| what is the purpose of a fruit to a plant? | dispersal of the seeds away from the plant that produced them. |
| how do fruits help seeds disperse? | some seeds offer a food reward to animals that eat seeds, some seeds float, allowing tides and currents to take them, some are light enough to be blown away |
| how do plants reproduce? there are 2 possibilities | spores - single celled, no stored food, relatively short lived seeds - multicelled, stored food in cytoledons, long-lived. in general seeds are more advanced and successful in means of reproduction. |
| if a plant produces sees, how does it do so? | gymnosperms - seeds produce inside cones angiosperms - flowers produce fruits that contain the seeds. |
| Circulatory (vascular) system -- there are 2 possibilities. | ABSENT - no circulatory (vascular system). These plants tend to be small since they cannot affectively transport substances internally over sugnificant distances. PRESENT: circulatory (vascular system) present. these plants tend to be larger. |
| DICOT AND MONOCOT COMPARISON -- COTYLEDONS | MONOCOT seed has 1 cotyledons DICOTS seeds have 2 cotyledons |
| DICOT AND MONOCOT COMPARISON -- LEAF SHAPE | MONOCOTS have narrower leafs DICOTS have wider leafs |
| DICOT AND MONOCOT CAMPARISON -- FLOWER PARTS | MONOCOTS have 3 or 6 parts DICOTS have 4 or 5 parts |
| DICOT AND MONOCOT CAMPARISON -- VEINS | MONOCOTS have parallel leaf veins DICOTS have netted leaf veins. |
| What do liverwort plants contain? | a painkiller similar to the one in marijuana. |
| true or false: while there is a chemical compound found in moss-like liverworts that can produce the pain and inflammation relief of pots THC, it doesn't give the same high as TCH | true |
| list 2 groups of plants that reproduce by spores | ferns and moss |
| list 2 groups of plants that reproduce by seeds | gymnosperms and angiosperms |
| which is the more general taxon of organisms, phylum or genus? | phylum |
| what feature of a gymnosperm makes it more advanced than a fern | multicelled, stores abundant food, more successful in reproduction. |
| List an example of a bryphyte | mosses and liverworts |
| which of the following would have leaf like structures | moss |
| can brown, red, and green algae undergo photosynthesis? | yes |
| How does yeast differ from the other fungi | singlecelled, fermentation. FUNGI ARE USUALLY MULTICELLED |
| Molds are all examples of | fungi |
| list a kingdom with prokaryotic cells | archaea and bacteria |
| list a kingdom that only has milticelled organisms | plantae and animalia |
| how does a spore differ from a seed | spores = single celled seeds = multicelled |
| are sponges animals? | yes |
| whats special about the animal kingdom | it is the largest of the 6 kingdoms, with over a million species |
| level of organization | all members of the animal kingdom are multicellular |
| Symmetry -- 3 kinds | asymmetrical, radial, and bilateral |
| what is asymmetrical | think of an explosion emoji 💥 |
| what is radial | 5 ends, think of starfish ⭐️ |
| what is bilateral | mirrored when cut, think of human 🧍♂️ |
| Segmentation | some animals are segmented and others are not. |
| what are segments | repeating body units along the length of the animals body |
| examples of segmented species | earthworms 🪱 , birds 🐦 , and humans 🧍♂️ |
| Types of Skeleton | there are 3 general types of skeletons represented by the animal kingdom, which provide support and help to give shape to animals |
| what are endoskeletons | endoskeletons are INTERNAL and made up of bones or cartilage. animals with endoskeletons have softer tissues covering the outside of their bodies. |
| which species have endoskeletons? | HUMANS, FISH, BIRDS, and REPTILES. |
| What are exoskeletons | exoskeletons are EXTERNAL and cover all the exposed surfaces of the animal, including the eyes. they can be made up of chitin, calcium, silica, and other minerals. |
| animals with an exoskeleton don't have what? | any soft tissue covering the outside of their bodies |
| which species have exoskeletons? | INSECTS, CRABS, HAVE EXOSKELETONS |
| True or false: turtles have exoskeleton | FALSE |
| What do turtles have? | they have a endoskeleton |
| what are hydrostatic skeletons? | areas of confined fluids under pressure within an animals body. There is really no solid/rigid framework |
| which species have a hydrostatic skeleton? | worms and jellyfish |
| PROS AND CONS OF ENDOSKELETONS | PROS; OFFER SOME PROTECTION FOR INTERNAL ORGANS. GOOD RANGE OF MOTION IN JOINTS, SMOOTH/STEADY GROWTH |
| PROS AND CONS OF EXOSKELETONS | PROS; OFFER THE MOST PROTECTION CONS; LIMIT THE RANGE OF MOTION AROUND THE JOINTS. LIMIT GROWTH TO BIG SIZES. VULNERABLE TO PREDETORS DURING SHEDDING. |
| PROS AND CONS OF HYDROSTATICS | PROS; OFFER MAXIMUM BODY FLEXIBILITY CONS; OFFER LITTLE PROTECTION FOR INTERNAL ORGANS |
| DIGESTIVE TRACTS -- 2 KINDS | COMPLETE DIGESTIVE TRACTS AND INCOMPLETE DIGESTIVE TRACTS |
| DESCRIBE COMPLETE DIGESTIVE TRACTS | 2 OPENINGS, MOUTH AND ANUS. FOOD GOES IN ONE AND COMES OUT THE OTHER |
| DESCRIBE INCOMPLETE DIGESTIVE TRACTS | 1 OPENING, FOOD COMES IN AND OUT THE SAME HOLE |
| NIDARIANS | STINGY TENTICLES |
| WHAT DO MEMBERS OF THE CLASS AVES (BIRDS) HAVE THAT OTHER SPECIES DONT | FEATHERS |
| WHAT DO MEMBERS OF THE PHYLUM CNIDARIA HAVE THAT OTHERS DONT | STINGY TENTICLES |
| describe "porifera" | one of the major groups of animal, usually multicellular marine animals which attach themselves to some structure below the surface of the water. |
| what do "porifera" have | display asymmetry, have an endoskeleton, a body with pores through which water is circulated. |
| describe "cnidaria" | one of the major groups of animals. members of this group possess tentacles with stinging cells that are used for trapping and paralyzing prey for food as well as for self defense. |
| what do "cnidaria" have | their tenticles are arranged in a circle around the cylindrical body. the digestive tract has a single opening, the mouth. some members of this group live in fresh water. |
| describe "platyhelminthes" | flatworms -- these organisms are almost ribbon like in shape and may be found living in moist soils, salt water, and fresh water |
| true or false: some platythelminthes are parasites that live on or in bodies of other animals | true |
| what do "platythelminthes" have | bilaterally symmetrical with a concentration of sesory organs at the anterior end of an animal |
| what is the concentration of sensory equipment in the head region of a platythelminthes called? | Cephalization |
| describe "nematoda" or "aschelminthes" | Unsegmented worms -- consist of freeliving and parasitic worms. they are bilaterally symmetrical and have a COMPLETE digestive system. |
| describe "Annelida (segmented worms)" | bodies made up of repeating units or segments. The digestive tube extends the entire length of the animal and both a mouth and anus are present. They are bilaterally symmetrical. They are commonly found in fresh water, salt water, sand flats, and soil." |
| describe Mollusca | Soft-bodied unsegmented animals, many of which are protected by one or more shells. Most of this group of animals live in salt water, some are found in fresh water, and some live on land. They have bilateral symmetry. Many are used as food for man. |
| Describe Arthropoda | Largest group of animals living today. They are almost 1,000,000 different species that have been identified. They are found practically everywhere on the earth's surface. Members of this group have a segmented body enclosed in a tough, jointed external s |
| Echinodermata (spiny-skinned animals) | -All have numerous spines over their bodies and pentameral sym-metry. Most move by pumping water through structures called tube feet. These are also used for getting food. They show a variety of symmetry, and are generally very slow moving animals. |
| 1 type of chordate class | jawless fishes (class petromyzontida) -- "rasping" mouth parts; lamprey -- no jaw -- examples: lamprey and hagfish |
| 2nd type of chordate class | cartilage fishes (class chondrichthyes) -- cartilage skeletons -- mostly marine (salt water) like sharks, rays -- no bone just all cartilage. |
| 3rd type of chordate class | Bony Fish (class Reptilia) -- fish with true bone perch tissue edoskeleton -- fish with bones -- examples: tuna, perch, bass |
| 4th type of chordate class | Amphibians (class amphibia) -- most have gills in the early stages of life cycle and then develop lings for life on land -- examples -- frogs and salamanders |
| 5th chordate class | reptiles -- (class reptilia) -- most are well adapted for land. amniote egg and scales prevent water-loss. examples: snakes and alligators. |
| 6th chordate class | birds (class aves) -- feathers and the adaptation to make light-weight for flight. some flightless birds have other adaptations. |
| 7th chordate class | mammals (class mammalia) -- skin, hair, warm blooded, mammary glands to nurse young. usually intelligent. |
| what is a chordata | the most advanced animal group which includes sharks, rays, skates, bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. |
| true or false: most chordata are vertebrates (animals with sectioned spinal columns) | true |
| what is the major characteristic of chordates | dorsal hollow nerve cord, and a solid rod of cartilage along the back called the notochord |
| Do flatworms (phylum platythelminthes) have a segmented or non-segmented body | unsegmented |
| do mammals have a segmented or unsegmented body | segmented |
| do birds have a segmented or unsegmented body | segmented |
| do birds have a bilaterally symmetrical, radially symmetrical, or asymmetric body | bilaterally symmetrical |
| do humans have a bilaterally symmetrical, radially symmetrical, or asymmetric body | bilaterally symmetrical |
| do starfish have a bilaterally symmetrical, radially symmetrical, or asymmetric body | radial symmetrical |
| do insects have a complete or incomplete digestive system | complete digestive system |
| do humans have a complete or incomplete digestive system | complete digestive systems |
| do earthworms (phylum annelida) have a complete or incomplete digestive system | complete digestive system |
| do humans have a exoskeleton, endoskeleton, or hydrostatic skeleton | endoskeletons |
| do turtles have a exoskeleton, endoskeleton, or hydrostatic skeleton | endoskeletons |
| do jellyfish have a exoskeleton, endoskeleton, or hydrostatic skeleton | hydrostatic |
| do crab have a exoskeleton, endoskeleton, or hydrostatic skeleton | exoskeletons |
| which of the following is NOT in the phylum chordata | grasshopper |
| which of the following does NOT belong in the same phylum as the others: starfish, clam, oyster, snail, scallop, mussel | starfish |
| which of the 3 skeleton systems consist of fluids under pressure | hydrostatic |
| which of the 3 skeleton systems offers the MOST protection to internal organs | exoskeletons |
| which of the 3 skeleton systems offers the LEASE protection to internal organs | endoskeletons |
| which of the 3 skeleton systems consists of bones/cartilage | endoskeletons |
| which of the 3 skeleton systems must be shed in order for the animal to grow | exoskeletons |
| which of the 3 skeleton systems do the largest animals in the world have | endoskeletons |
| which phylum do clams and snails belong too | phylum mollusca |
| what phylum has the most common radial symmetry species? | phylum echinodermata |
| Evolution is : | the process that results in changes in the genetic makeup of a population over time. |
| The major mechanism of evolution is | natural selection. |
| An organism whose genetic makeup allows it to produce more offspring than another of its species is said to have greater | fitness |
| The Earth formed approximately | 4.6 billion years ago. |
| The first living organisms appeared | 3.8 billion years ago. |
| Modern humans evolved about | 200,000 years ago. |
| Fossils | are remains of organisms, are formed when organic materials are replaced with minerals, provide evidence of evolution |
| The first true hominids in the fossil record are | Australopithecus |
| Hominids with evolutionarily advanced skull characteristics would have | a large cranium with prominent vertical forehead. |
| 10. The human ancestor whose populations dispersed from Africa to other parts of the world was | Homo erectus. |
| true or false: genetics inherit over time | true |
| true or false: individuals do not evolve, populations evolve | true |
| what is a vestigeal organ | an organ that was once useful but not so much today |
| Radio Carbon | C14 |
| number to remember | 5600 |
| what is a cast | exact representation |
| what is a mold | the indent of a cast |
| what is adaptation | an inherited characteristic or series of inherited characteristics that enables an organism to adapt in a particular environmemt |
| examples of adaptation | mimicry, camouflage, disruptive coloration |
| what is mutation | a change in genetic material (DNA) most mutations are harmful. c=mutations are caused by radiation and chemicals |
| what are fossils | any impression or trace of a plant or animal of the past preserved in the earths crust |
| are are pseudfossils | rock structures that resemble fossils byt really aren't |
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