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Lab 10: Vertebrates
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the difference between vertebrates and invertebrate chordates? | Invertebrates have a notochord but no backbone, vertebrates replace the notochord with a backbone |
| Are mammals more closely related to reptiles or amphibians? | Reptiles |
| Which can you substantiate by external examination? | Birds have scales on their feet |
| A frog uses its skin for breathing. Is the skin of a frog thick and dry or thin and moist? | Thin and moist because they perform cutaneous respiration |
| Which of these animals has a diaphragm dividing the body cavity into thorax and abdomen? | Rat |
| All the vertebrates have a stomach, small intestine, and a large intestine where food is processed. They also have a liver and pancreas. Which is the larger, more prominent organ (liver or pancreas) in the pigeon and rat? | The liver |
| All vertebrates have an anus. Which vertebrates studied have a cloaca (receptacle) for the urogenital and digestive system? | Fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds |
| All the animals have gonads and kidneys. Which of these organs is involved in urine production? Which of these organs is involved in reproduction? | Kidneys Gonads |
| What is the chief biological benefit of the penis in terrestrial animals? | It allows internal fertilization |
| Perch # of heart chamber & pulmonary circuit | 2 & no |
| Frog # of heart chamber & pulmonary circuit | 3 & yes |
| Pigeon # of heart chamber & pulmonary circuit | 4 & yes |
| Rat # of heart chambers & pulmonary circuit | 4 & yes |
| Perch gills? | Yes |
| Perch trachea | no |
| perch lungs | no |
| perch rib cage | no |
| perch diaphragm | no |
| perch air sacs | no |
| frog gills | no |
| frog trachea | yes |
| frog lungs | yes |
| frog rib cage | no |
| frog diaphragm | no |
| frog air sacs | no |
| pigeon gills | no |
| pigeon trachea | yes |
| pigeon lungs | yes |
| pigeon rib cage | yes |
| pigeon diaphragm | no |
| pigeon diaphragm | yes |
| rat gills | no |
| rat trachea | yes |
| rat lungs | yes |
| rat rib cage | yes |
| rat diaphragm | yes |
| rat air sacs | no |
| Are chordates and echinoderms classified as protostomes or deuterostomes? | Deuterostomes |
| Which chordate features are present in the tunicates and lancelets? | Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and post-anal tail |
| What structure develops into the vertebral column in vertebrate chordates? | Notochord |
| Do cartilaginous fishes or ray-finned fishes have a bony skeleton? | Ray-finned |
| What term refers to terrestrial vertebrates that have four limbs? | Tetrapod |
| What do reptiles produce to help prevent their embryos from drying out on land? | Amniotic eggs with leathery or hard shells |
| What term refers to the changes that occur when an aquatic tadpole becomes a frog with limbs and lungs? | Metamorphosis |
| What is the name of the membranous covering associated with the heart? | Pericardium |
| What structure in the frog receives materials from the large intestine, mesonephric ducts, and the reproductive organs? | Cloaca |
| Which animals have modified scales covering their bodies, have scales on their feet, lay shelled eggs, and have internal organs and skulls that provide evidence to classify them as reptiles? | Birds |
| What organs are present if a vertebrate has a pulmonary system of circulation with pulmonary capillaries? | Lungs |
| How many ventricles are present in the heart of an amphibian and most reptiles? | 3 |
| Which vertebrates have air sacs attached to their lungs that make the lungs more efficient? | Birds |
| What organs, present in all the vertebrates, produce urine and maintain the proper balance of fluids and salts in the body? | Kidneys |
| Does the circulatory system of fishes have a pulmonary circuit? | No, fish have a single circulatory system. Blood gets from the heart, to the gills, to the body, then to the heart with no separate lung circuit. |
| Given the attachment of the gills to the pharynx, explain the absence of a trachea in fishes and the need for a trachea in mammals. | Fish use gills in water for gas exchange, so they do not need a trachea. Mammals breathe air, so a trachea is needed to conduct air into the lungs. |
| What is the role of the four-chambered hearts of birds and mammals in maintaining a warm body temperature? | It completely separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, providing efficient oxygen delivery, which supports high metabolism and helps maintain constant warm body temp. |
| Which of the animals studied in this lab exercise have a rib cage and explain the importance of it to respiration. | Pigeons and rats have rib cages. A rib cage protects the lungs and aids in breathing by expanding the chest cavity. |
| Which of the animals studied in this lab have a diaphragm and explain the importance of it to respiration. | Rats have a diaphragm. It helps ventilate the lungs by changing thoracic cavity pressure during breathing. |
Created by:
rimajackson2
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