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Biology 1 Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Competition | Both species are harmed (-/-) |
| Predation/Parasitism/Herbivory | One benefits, one is harmed (+/-) |
| Mutualism | Both species benefit (+/+) - Resource-based (ants and fungi) - Defensive (ants and acacia trees) - Dispersive (pollination and seed dispersal) |
| Commensalism | One benefits, the other is unaffected (+/0) - Epiphytes on trees - Cattle egrets with cattle - Hitchhiker organisms (phoresy) |
| Intraspecific Competition | same species competition |
| Interspecific Competition | different species competition |
| Exploitation Competition | indirect (competing for limited resources) |
| Interference Competition | direct interaction (fighting, intimidation) |
| Common Exclusion Principle | Species cannot coexist if they share the exact same niche and compete strongly |
| Resource Partitioning | Similar species can share resources by dividing them (space, time, diet) |
| Character Displacement | Species evolve physical or behavioral differences to reduce competition when they live together (sympatric vs allopatric) |
| Fundamental Niche | Full range of conditions a species can tolerate |
| Realized Niche | where it is actually found due to competition |
| Predators always kill prey outright (T/F) | False (herbivores often don't) |
| Parasites usually don't kill the host (T/F) | True (they use it for nourishment) |
| Chemical Defense (animals) | Bombardier beetle ejects hot spray |
| Aposematic Coloration | Warning coloration which advertises an organism's bad taste (tropic frogs having bright colors) |
| Camouflage/Cryptic Coloration | Involves catalepsis - maintenance of fixed body position, example: stick insects, sea horses |
| Mimicry | Resemblance of mimic to another organism (referred to as model) |
| Mullerian Mimicry | Harmful species resembles each other |
| Batesian Mimicry | Harmless species mimics harmful one |
| Intimidation | Deceive predator about ease of eating prey (porcupine fish inflates itself) |
| Armor/Weapons | Shells of turtles, horns and antlers, claws, venomous stingers, etc. |
| Predator-Prey Populations | They often cycle (ex. 9 to 11 year population cycle for lynx and snowshoe hare) |
| Mechanical Defenses | Thorns, spines, silica |
| Chemical Defenses (plants) | Alkaloids (nicotine), phenolics (tannins), terpenoids (peppermint) |
| Host Plant Resistance | Traits evolved to reduce herbivory |
| Bt Corn | genetically engineered to produce Bt toxin (natural insecticide) |
| Holoparasites | Fully dependent on host (ex. Rafflesia) |
| Hemiparasites | Photosynthesize but rely on host for water (ex. mistletoe) |
| Host Range (Parasite Classification) | Monophagous (few hosts) vs polyphagous (many) |
| Size (Parasite Classification) | Microparasites (bacteria/viruses) vs macroparasites (worms/ticks) |
| Location (Parasite Classification) | Ectoparasites (outside) vs endoparasites (inside) |
| Spread of Pathogens Depends On... | Susceptible hosts, transmission rate, and infectious period length |
| Herd Immunity | Enough immunity in a population leads to pathogen dying out |
| Sources of New Pathogens Are.. | Mutation of existing ones, zoonoses (animal diseases becoming human diseases) ex: influenza, SARS-CoV-2, HIV |
| Bottom-Up Control | Availability of resources limits populations (especially plants) |
| Top-Down Control | Predators/parasites regulate lower levels |
| Trophic Cascade | Effects pass through multiple feeding levels |
| Genetic Diversity | Variations within/between populations |
| Species Diversity | Number of species and their relative abundance |
| Ecosystem Diversity | Diversity of types of ecosystems |
| What tracks global Conservation Status? | The IUCN Red List |
| Biodiversity Matters Because... | Ecosystem: clean air and water, flood control, pollination Food and Agriculture: fishing, wild crop relatives, pest control Medicine: many drugs come from natural sources |
| Proportional Loss Hypothesis | Immediate decline of function due to biodiversity loss |
| Redundancy Hypothesis | Extra species don't always add function |
| Catastrophe Hypothesis | Function crashes with even small biodiversity loss |
| What does Field Data show? | Greater biodiversity = better productivity and nutrient use |
| Megadiversity Countries | Countries with greatest number of species (Brazil, Indonesia, Columbia) |
| Biodiversity Hotspots | Threatened areas rich in endemic species (lost 70% original habitat and at least 1500 endemic species (found in particular place and nowhere else)) |
| Other Conservation Strategies | Preserve Representative habitats and Last of the wild |
| Elements of Preservation Design | Larger areas preserve more species, SLOSS debate (Single Large Or Several Small), movement corridors allow recolonization but can spread disease, reduce edge effects (compact (circular) shapes reduce habitat loss) |
| Indicator Species | Signal ecosystem health (corals, polar bears) |
| Umbrella Species | Protecting them protects many others (northern spotted owl) |
| Flagship Species | Iconic, motivate public support (panda, bison) |
| Keystone Species | Disproportionately important roles (beaver, fig trees) |
| Complete Restoration | Attempt to put back exactly what was there prior to disturbance |
| Rehabilitations | Return habitat to something similar but less than full restoration |
| Ecosystem Replacement | Replaces original ecosystem with different one |
| Ways to bring Species back | Captive breeding and reintroductions, cloning is possible, but it doesn't fix habitat destruction, has limited genetic variation, and is hard to implement for diverse species |
| Sustainability Ideals | Must preserve natural capital (resources ecosystem uses to function) and UN Sustainable Development Goals link biology with human welfare |
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