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Physiology Wks 7-13
Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Serotonin is an example of a(n): | amine neurotransmitter. |
| Which of the following is not one of the main chemical classes of neurotransmitters? | Triglycerides |
| Excitatory neurotransmitters are most likely to: | initiate an action potential. |
| There are two types of synapses—the electrical synapse and the __________ synapse. | chemical |
| The neurotransmitter(s) that inhibit(s) the conduction of pain impulses is(are): | enkephalins |
| Aneuron with a resting potential: | The sodium pump has moved Na+ to the outside of the plasma membrane. |
| A synaptic knob would be located on a(n): | Axon |
| Within the nervous system, coding for the strength of a stimulus is accomplished through: | the frequency of nerve impulses |
| Which of the following antidepressants acts by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase (MAO)? | Phenelzine |
| Severe depression can be caused by a deficit in certain brain synapses of: | amines. |
| No impulse can be sent through a neuron: | during the absolute refractory period |
| Stimulus-gated channels open in response to: | sensory stimuli |
| The active transport mechanism in the plasma membrane that transports sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions and at different rates is the | sodium-potassium pump. |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct impulses up to approximately _____ meters per second. | 130 |
| Which neuron could transmit a nerve impulse the fastest? | A large-diameter neuron with myelin |
| Compared with the outside of the neuron, the inside has a(n) ____ charge. | Negative |
| When an impulse reaches a synapse | chemical transmitters are released. |
| Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are classified as: | catecholamines |
| The preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions are cholinergic. | True |
| Damage to the _____ nerve could make the diaphragm unable to function. | phrenic |
| Biofeedback involves willful control of specific effectors normally controlled only autonomically. | True |
| Audition is a function of the _____ lobe. | Temporal |
| The knee jerk can be classified as a segmental reflex because: | impulses that mediate it enter and leave the same segment of the cord. |
| The vomiting reflex is mediated by the: | Medulla |
| A child was frightened by a large dog. The pupils of the child’s eyes became dilated, and the heart and respiratory rates increased. These symptoms were caused by stimulation of: | the sympathetic nervous system |
| The cerebellum acts with the _____ to produce skilled movement. | Cerebrum |
| Nerves that innervate the floor of the pelvic cavity and some of the surrounding areas are found in the _____ plexus. | coccygeal |
| What would the result be if the phrenic nerve received an impulse from the cervical plexus? | The diaphragm would stop contracting |
| What is the difference between a somatic reflex and an autonomic reflex? | A somatic reflex is caused by contraction of skeletal muscles, whereas an autonomic reflex consists of contraction of smooth or cardiac muscle or secretions of glands. |
| Parasympathetic stimulation has no effect on any of the following areas except: | The urinary bladder |
| Nerve impulses over the _____ nerve cause increased peristalsis and decreased heart rate. | Vagus |
| Impulses from the _____ play a part in arousing or alerting the cerebrum. | Thalamus |
| Impulses sent over which of the following tracts could result in voluntary movement, especially of the hands, fingers, feet, and toes of the opposite side? | Lateral corticospinal |
| Which of the following is not an example of sympathetic stimulation? | Constriction of the bronchioles |
| The part of the brain that can directly influence or inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary is the: | Hypothalamus |
| The sequence of auditory ossicles in the middle ear starting at the tympanic membrane and ending at the oval window is: | malleus, incus, and stapes |
| Which of the following is not true of a receptor potential? | It follows the all-or-none law. |
| Which of the following statements is not true of the pineal gland? | Melatonin is stimulated by the presence of sunlight. |
| Movement of hair cells in the organ of Corti against the _____ membrane can stimulate nerve impulse condition. | tectorial |
| The immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell is the: | transcription of RNA. |
| The receptors responsible for sensing crude and persistent touch are the: | Ruffini corpuscles |
| The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the: | anterior pituitary. |
| The clear and potassium-rich fluid that fills the labyrinth is | endolymph |
| If you slammed your finger in a car door, it would stimulate _____ pain fibers. | Acute |
| The somatic senses enable us to detect sensations, including: | touch, temperature, pain. |
| The olfactory tract carries impulses associated with: | Smell |
| The two-point discrimination test can be used to measure: | the sensitivity of the skin in various parts of the body |
| Dynamic equilibrium depends on the functioning of the | crista ampullaris. |
| Blood volume per kilogram of body weight varies inversely with: | Body fat |
| The mechanisms of which three hormones work together to regulate blood volume? | aldosterone, ANH, and ADH |
| The physiological mechanism that dissolves clots is known as | fibrinolysis |
| Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces. This process is called | diapedesis |
| The localized pressure gradient needed to maintain blood flow in a tissue is called | Perfusion pressure |
| Circulatory shock caused by a drop in the amount of blood in the circulatory system is called _____ shock | hypovolemic |
| The heart begins beating in the fetus at about what stage of development? | After about 4 weeks |
| Which are the two baroreceptors that are located near the heart? | aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors |
| The term blood type refers to the type of blood cell | Antigen |
| What is the functional significance of large areas of cardiac muscle being electrically coupled to form a single functional syncytium? | Because they form a syncytium, muscle cells can pass an action potential along a large area of the heart wall, stimulating contraction in each muscle fiber of the syncytium. |
| Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses is considered a major mechanism of | Vasodilation |
| The term used to describe the collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of blood is: | hemodynamics. |
| If damaged, which valve could allow blood to leak back into the right atrium? | Tricuspid |
| The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles is called | phagocytosis |
| The ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells is called: | self-tolerance. |
| The function of which antibody is basically unknown? | IgD |
| Complement can best be described as a(n): | enzyme in blood. |
| Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity | Cell-mediated |
| Which organ has several functions, including defense, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction, and blood reservoir? | Spleen |
| Memory cells: | become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen. |
| The movement of phagocytes from blood vessels to an inflammation site is called | diapedesis |
| Molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assemble themselves on the enemy cell’s surface, which results in | cytolysis |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte |
| Which protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease? | Interferon |
| Standard atmospheric pressure is _____ mm Hg. | 760 |
| The term used to describe the volume of air exchanged during normal inspiration and expiration is: | Tidal volume |
| The tendency of the thorax and lungs to return to the preinspiration volume is called: | elastic recoil. |
| Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas varies _____ with pressure at a _____ temperature. | inversely; constant |
| Gas exchange, the lungs’ main and vital function, takes place in the: | Alveoli |
| The major form by which carbon dioxide is transported in the circulatory system is: | as bicarbonate ions. |
| The vital capacity is equal to the sum of the: | inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. |
| About 98.5% of the oxygen carried by systemic arterial blood is attached to: | hemoglobin |
| By the time the blood leaves the lung capillaries to return to the heart, what percentage of the blood’s hemoglobin has united with oxygen? | 97% |
| When classified according to the kind of chemical reactions catalyzed, digestive enzymes are referred to as _____ enzymes. | hydrolyzing |
| The final product of carbohydrate digestion is a: | monosaccharide |
| An end product of fat digestion is: | glycerol |
| The major site for the absorption of the end products of digestion is the: | Small intestine |
| The hormone that inhibits gastric muscle, slowing passage of food into the duodenum, is called: | gastric inhibitory peptide |
| The enzyme pepsin begins the digestion of: | protein |
| The enterogastric reflex causes: | inhibition of gastric peristalsis. |
| The intestinal hormone cholecystokinin: | causes the pancreas to increase exocrine secretions high in enzyme content. opposes the influence of gastrin on gastric parietal cells. stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder |
| Hydrolysis refers to: | using water to split larger compounds into smaller ones |
| The purpose of peristalsis is to: | propel food forward along the GI tract |
| Which blood vessel carries absorbed food from the GI tract to the liver? | Portal vein |
| Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed into disaccharides by enzymes known as: | amylase |
| Which step of deglutition is under voluntary control | Oral stage |
| Glucose moves from the GI tract into the circulatory system by the process of: | cotransport |
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