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Human Physiology

week 7-13

QuestionAnswer
Which ion channel opening is responsible for the rapid depolarization phase of an action potential? Voltage-gated Na⁺ channels
What mechanism restores the resting membrane potential after an action potential? The Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump, which moves 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ in
Which CNS glial cell regulates the blood–brain barrier? Astrocytes
Which brain region integrates sensory input for coordinated movement and balance? Cerebellum
Which PNS division carries motor output to skeletal muscle? Somatic motor division
Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons located? Dorsal root ganglia
Which neurotransmitter is released by all preganglionic ANS neurons? Acetylcholine (ACh)
Which ANS division has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers? Parasympathetic division
Which general sensory receptor adapts slowly and is responsible for detecting sustained pressure? Ruffini endings
Which ion channels open in nociceptors during painful heat detection? TRPV1 channels
Which retinal cells are responsible for low-light vision sensitivity? Rods
Which structure in the ear detects linear acceleration (gravity + straight-line movement)? Utricle and saccule (otolith organs)
Which endocrine feedback pattern causes hormone levels to rise until a physiological event is completed? Positive feedback (e.g., oxytocin in childbirth)
Which two hormones strictly regulate blood glucose through opposing effects? Insulin ↓ and glucagon ↑
Which endocrine gland requires iodine to synthesize its hormones? Thyroid gland
Which gland’s secretion controls circadian rhythms and melatonin release? Pineal gland
Which plasma protein maintains osmotic pressure and prevents edema? Albumin
Which ion is essential for the clotting cascade to activate multiple coagulation factors? Calcium (Ca²⁺)
Which part of the cardiac conduction system sets the intrinsic heart rate? SA node
Which ion influx prolongs the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential? Calcium (Ca²⁺) via slow channels
Which vessels generate the highest resistance and are the main regulators of blood pressure? Arterioles
Which vessel layer contains smooth muscle responsible for vasoconstriction? Tunica media
Which circuit carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart? Pulmonary veins
Which circulation supplies the myocardium with oxygen-rich blood? Coronary circulation
Which lymphatic organ filters blood, not lymph? Spleen
Which structure collects lymph from the entire lower body? Cisterna chyli
Which innate immune cells kill virus-infected cells without prior exposure? Natural Killer (NK) cells
Which proteins form membrane-attack complexes to lyse pathogens? Complement proteins (MAC)
Which cells are responsible for antibody production? Plasma cells (activated B cells)
Which T-cell subtype directly destroys infected host cells? Cytotoxic T cells (CD8⁺)
Which muscle is primarily responsible for increasing thoracic volume during quiet inspiration? Diaphragm
Which law states that pressure and volume are inversely related, driving pulmonary ventilation? Boyle’s Law
Which factor most strongly decreases hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen during active metabolism? Increased CO₂ (Bohr effect).
What is the main form in which CO₂ is transported in the blood? Bicarbonate ion (HCO₃⁻)
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down proteins into short peptides in the stomach? Pepsin
Which hormone triggers the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes into the small intestine? Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Which structure of the small intestine provides the greatest surface area for nutrient absorption? Microvilli (brush border)
How are long-chain fatty acids absorbed and transported after entering intestinal epithelial cells? They are packaged into chylomicrons and transported via the lymphatic system.
Created by: seeratsandhu
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