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APES UNIT 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the formula for continuous population growth? | Nt = N0ert |
| What do the components of the continuous population growth formula symbolize? | N0 = initial population Nt = population at a time (t) t = time (hours or years) e = Euler’s constant ~2.72 |
| Percent population change | [((birth+immigration) - (death+emigration)) / total population] x 100% OR 70/doubling time |
| doubling time | 70 / % population change |
| Percent birth rate | total birth / total population |
| Percent death rate | total death / total population |
| Population density | Population / area |
| features of a generalist species | They have a broad niche and are able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a wide variety of different resources |
| features of a specialist species | they have a narrow niche and can only thrive in a narrow range of conditions, typically have small populations |
| in a habitat where conditions are stable, will specialists or generalists thrive? | specialists |
| in a habitat where conditions are changing, will specialists or generalists thrive? | generalists |
| features of k-selected species | have few offspring per reproduction event, live in stable environments, have more than one reproduction event, expend significant energy on each offspring, mature after many years of care, relatively high competition for resources |
| features of r-selected species | many offspring, expend minimal effort on their offspring, reproduce only once, mature early, competition for resources is low |
| do r-selected species remain near their carrying capacity? | no, they exhibit rapid population growth that is often followed by overshoots and die-offs |
| are most invasive species r or k species | r species |
| type one survivorship curve | majority of the population survives to old age |
| animals with type one survivorship curves | elephants, big cats, rhinos, grizzly bears, humans |
| type two survivorship curve | fairly constant death rate at all ages/ constant loss: due to predation, disease, environmental factors |
| animals with type two survivorship curve | coral, many songbirds, many annual plants, some lizards, many small mammals like rodents |
| type three survivorship curve | high loss early in life, low death rate for those who survive. tend to be r-species |
| population growth rate | number of offspring an individual can produce in a given time period, minus the deaths of the individual or its offspring during the same period |
| population growth models | mathematical equations that can be used to predict population size at any moment in time |
| what is r | intrinsic growth rate |
| carrying capacity | the maximum number of individuals of a given species that an area's resources can sustain indefinitely without significantly depleting or degrading those resources |
| biotic potential | highest possible vital index of a species |
| exponential growth | growth under ideal conditions with unlimited resources and protections from predators and disease. will grow continually |
| logistic growth | the growth rate decreases as the population reaches carrying capacity |
| what happens when resource availability shrinks | there is an increased possibility for unequally distributed resources, ultimately results in increased mortality and decreased fecundity. population growth declines to, or below, carrying capacity. |
| slow growth age structure diagrams | associated with falling birth rates and lower death rates, high life expectancy, characteristic of developed countries |
| zero growth age structure diagrams | birth and death rates cancel each other out. nearly equal proportions of pre-reproductive and reproductive individuals. tapers off gradually at the older ages. |
| population triangle/pyramid means | high birth and death rates, high infant mortality and low life expectancy. associated with developing countries experiencing rapid growth |
| negative growth age structure diagram | birth rate is smaller than the death rate. can be informed by stable death rate and low birth rate or increasing emigration |
| the broader the base | the less developed a country |
| phase one of demographic transition (preindustrial) | CBR = CDR, little growth because of harsh living conditions, high infant/child mortality, typical of countries before they modernize |
| phase two of demographic transition(transitional) | rapid population growth- birth rates remain high but death rates decline, industrialization is just beginning. health care is improving as well as sanitation and food availability |
| phase three of demographic transition (industrial) | birth rate drops and population growth continues, but at a slower rate. medical advances become widespread. educational systems improve. |
| phase four of demographic transition (post industrial stage) | birth rate = death rate, and then birth rate falls below death rate, large proportion of elderly. |
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