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Physiology

Physio weeks 7-13

QuestionAnswer
What triggers the release of ACH at the neuromuscular junction? Arrival of an action potential at the motor neuron terminal.
What does ACH bind to on the muscle fiber? Nicotinic receptors on the motor end plate.
What ion enters the muscle cell to initiate depolarization? Sodium (Na⁺).
What causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium? Depolarization spreading down the T-tubules.
What proteins form cross-bridges during contraction? Actin and myosin.
What causes muscle relaxation to begin? Calcium ions are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
What molecule breaks the cross-bridge between actin and myosin? ATP.
What restores the resting membrane potential after depolarization? Opening of voltage-gated potassium (K⁺) channels.
What is the primary ion responsible for neuronal depolarization? Sodium (Na⁺).
What is the refractory period? Time when a neuron cannot fire another action potential.
What is saltatory conduction? Action potentials jumping between nodes of Ranvier.
What do inhibitory neurotransmitters cause? Hyperpolarization (more negative membrane potential).
What is temporal summation? Repeated signals from one neuron accumulating over time.
What is spatial summation? Signals from multiple neurons combining at the postsynaptic cell.
What law states a receptor responds only to one type of stimulus? The law of specific nerve energies.
What is sensory adaptation? Decreased receptor response during continuous stimulation.
What type of receptors detect temperature? Thermoreceptors.
What type of receptors detect chemical changes? Chemoreceptors
What is the fovea responsible for? Sharp, detailed vision.
What structure equalizes pressure in the middle ear? The auditory (Eustachian) tube.
Which receptors detect muscle stretch? Muscle spindles.
What type of hormone requires a membrane receptor? Protein/peptide hormones.
What type of hormone easily crosses the cell membrane? Steroid hormones.
What structures control the anterior pituitary? Hypothalamicreleasing and inhibiting hormones.
What does ADH primarily regulate? Water reabsorption in the kidneys.
Which gland releases aldosterone? The adrenal cortex.
What stimulates aldosterone secretion? Low sodium, low blood pressure, or high potassium.
What effect does cortisol have on metabolism? Increases glucose availability during stress.
What is hematocrit? The percentage of blood volume made of red blood cells.
What hormone stimulates RBC production? Erythropoietin (EPO).
What is the main function of hemoglobin? Transport oxygen.
What is hemostasis? The process that stops bleeding.
Which cells are responsible for immune defense? White blood cells (leukocytes).
What ion is essential for blood clotting? Calcium (Ca²⁺).
What is plasma? The liquid portion of blood containing proteins and solutes.
What ion is essential for blood clotting? Calcium (Ca²⁺).
What determines stroke volume? End-diastolic volume, contractility, and afterload. End-diastolic volume, contractility, and afterload.
What determines cardiac output? Heart rate × stroke volume.
What is preload? The stretch of the ventricles before contraction.
What is afterload? The resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood.
What heart sound is caused by AV valve closure? The first heart sound (S1).
What heart sound is caused by semilunar valve closure? The second heart sound (S2).
What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)? The average pressure pushing blood through arteries.
What vessel type has the greatest total cross-sectional area? Capillaries
Why is velocity of blood slowest in capillaries? Large total cross-sectional area.
What vessels act as blood pressure reservoirs? Arteries.
What vessels act as blood volume reservoirs? Veins.
What mechanism helps venous return? Skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump.
What controls local blood flow into capillary beds? Precapillary sphincters.
What is filtration in capillary exchange? Movement of fluid out of capillaries due to hydrostatic pressure.
Created by: AideeS
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