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Excretion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Excretion definition | Process by which organisms eliminate metabolic waste products and substances in excess of need |
| Main excretion products | CO2, water, and nitrogenous molecules (ammonia, urea, + uric acid) |
| Functions of excretory systems | removing toxic products + osmoregulation |
| Osmoregulation definition | process where organisms maintain a proper ion concentration + water content |
| osmoregulator vs. osmoconformer (include examples ) | Osmoregulator: animal maintains a const. internal osmolarity regardless of the osmolarity of the envir.(ex. marine vert. + all freshwater animals) Osmoconformer: animal's internal osmolarity is sim. to the osmolarity of the envir.(ex. marine invert.) |
| Execretion in plants | CO2 + water used in photosynthesis. Nitrogen compounds are not toxic to plants. Some waste products are stored in vacuoles and deciduous leaves |
| Execretion in animals | comsume complex diets with excess of certain elements (ex. nitrogen compounds) Require excretory systems |
| 3 main nitrogenous waste products in animals | Ammonia (most aquatic animals, most bony fish) Urea (mammals, most amphibians, sharks, some bony fish) Uric acid (many reptiles, birds, insects, land snails) |
| Excretory process in unicells | Diffusion acroess the cell membrane or contractile vacuoles that expell excess water/waste via exocytosis |
| Excretory process in planaria | have protonephridia (flame-bulb system) The cilia of the flame cells propel fluid from the interstitial space to the excretory canals and out of the body |
| Excretory process in earthworms | Have metanephridia that filter out waste from the coelomic fluid and blood; then collected by the tubules and expelled. nutrients are reabsorbed by the blood |
| Excretory process in grasshoppers (insects) | have malpghian tubules (equivalent to vertebrate kidney) solutes are secreted in to the tubules, flows into hindgut, water is reabsorbed in the rectum + uric acid is excreted together with feces |
| Kidney function (in human excretory system) | kidneys filter blood + purify it, removing excess water + waste from the blood to produce urine. The kidneys also produce hormones that regulate red blood cell production, blood pressure + calcium balance |
| Ureters function (in human excretory system) | transport urine from kidneys to the bladder |
| Urinary bladder function (in human excretory system) | stores urine before its expelled fom the body |
| Urethra function (in human excretory system) | transports unrine from bladder to outside of the body |
| (human) kidney size/shape, blood supply + gross internal anatomy | pair of bean-shaped organs about the size of a fist just below the liver. Blood is recieved from the renal arteries and sent away through the renal veins. contain the renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis + ureter |
| Describe nephron structure/components (in order) | bowman's capsule: filters blood proximal tubule: reabsorp. of 80% of filtrate/secrete H/NH3 d. loop of henle: water reabsorp. a. loop of henle: NaCl reabsorp. distal tubule: reabsorp. 9% filtrate/secrete K/H collecting duct: reabsorp. 4% filtrate |
| Freshwater fish (osmolarity of habitat, direction of passive movement of water/solute, + strategies to counteract water/ion movement) | freshwater: hypotonic enviroment (low salt level, water wants to come into fish) waterl/solute in through mouth + gills. excretion of large amounts of water in dilute urine from kidneys to counteract |
| Explain osmolarity challenges faced by salmon during their migrations | salmon go under drastic physiological changes during their migrations. they risk overhydration in freshwater and dehydration in saltwater so they must adapt to survive their journey |
| Explain osmolarity strategy of sharks compared to bony fish | sharks maintain a high internal osmolarity (close to sea water) by tolerating high concentrations of urea in the body fluids |
| How do terrestrial animals gain/lose water? | gain: eating, drinking + derived from metabolism lose: urine, feces, evaportation (sweat, exhalation) |
| Osomatic stress in aquatic vs terrestrial vs. desert animals | aquatic: hypo vs hypertonic enviroments terrestrial: have to counteract constant water loss desert: must have adaptations to conserve water in arid enviroments |
| ammonia vs urea vs uric acid (habitat, complexity, water solubility, energy cost + toxicity) | ammonia: aquatic, low complex, very toxic, low energy lost, very soluble urea: aquatic/terrestrial, med complex, med toxic, energy cost + soluble uric acid: terrestrial, complex, low toxic, high energy cost, poor solubility, storable in eggs |
| What animals have which nitrogen excretion product + why? | aquatic animals - ammonia; have abundant water to dilute it mammals/amphibians - urea; requires less water + less toxic birds/reptiles/insects - uric acid; requires least amount of water, best for animals living in arid enviroments |
| Describe the 3 processes in making urine (filtration, reabsorption, + secretion - general model) | Filtration is driven by pressure/not selective (but no blood cells/big proteins) almost everything(selective, needed substances)then get reabsorbed. If there's still too much of a substance it will get expelled into the filtrate, then it turns into urine |
| location of renal cortex + renal medulla | renal cortex: outer layer of kidney renal medulla: inner part of the kidney |
| location + function of renal pelvis | in the center of the kidney. collects urine from the kidney before it goes through the ureter the the bladder |
| is urea concentration higher in the renal artery or the renal vein? | the urea concentration is higher in the artery becuase the blood is unfiltered |
| How is urine produced by a nephron? (reference diagram picture too maybe) | blood is filtered in the glomerulus, to bowmans capsule, filtrate moves through renal tubule where most water/nutrients are reabsorbed(H+ NH3/K + H are also secreted into the proximal/distal tubules)final fluid-now urine to collecting duct to renal pelvis |
| what is glomerular filtration? | first step in urine production in the nephron. waste/excess fluid/ions are filtered out of the blood in the glomerulus into bowman's capsule, then filtered fluid moves into the proximal tube |
| what is tubular reabsorption? | process in urine production in nephron where useful substances/water are moved from the tubular fluid in the renal tubules/collecting duct back into the bloodstream via diffusion/active transport/osmosis |
| how is glucose, water, K+ and H+ handled by the nephron? | water + nutrients are reabsorbed in the renal tubules |
| Explain the role of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (site of production, stimul, site of action, + their effects) | produced in the hypothalamus, stimulated by increase in blood osmolarity (dehydration), and it increases water permeability + water absorption in the distal tubules. causes lower volume of urine, but more concentrated |
| Explain the role of aldosterone (site of production, stimuli, site of action + their effects) | produced in the adrenal glands, stimulated by low blood volume.pressure, increases reabsorption of Na + Cl and secretion of K in the collecting ducts. causes lower volume of urine. |
| How does eating salty foods affect kidney function? | Too much salt can increase blood pressure, which the kidneys regulate; causing excess strain on the kidneys and can damage them over time |
| How would a urea molecule move through the body from the kidney to the point of excreation out of the body? | kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra |
| Saltwater fish (osmolarity of habitat, direction of passive movement of water/solute, + strategies to counteract water/ion movement) | saltwater: hypertonic enviroment (high salt level, water wants to exit fish)water/solute in through mouth, + out through gills. excretion of salt ions in scanty urine from kidneys to counteract. |
Created by:
every_august
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