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Final Part
Flashcards covering Weeks 6–12: abdominal muscles, autonomic nervous system, bra
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the four pairs of muscles that work together to compress the abdominal contents. | External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis. |
| How do the different fiber directions of the abdominal muscles make the abdominal wall stronger? | The muscles run in different directions (downward, upward, horizontal, vertical), forming a criss-crossing “mesh” that reinforces the wall and resists forces from many angles. |
| What is the prime mover (main muscle) of inhalation? | The diaphragm is the prime mover of inhalation. |
| What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and their main roles? | Sympathetic: “fight or flight,” increases heart rate and energy use. Parasympathetic: “rest and digest,” slows heart rate and supports digestion and recovery. |
| In a threatening situation, which autonomic division mainly drives the fight-or-flight response, and what are two typical body changes? | The sympathetic division; it increases heart rate and breathing rate, and may dilate pupils or redirect blood to muscles. |
| In a stroke affecting the cerebral cortex, which general brain region is damaged and what does this control? | The cerebral cortex is damaged; it controls higher functions such as movement, sensation, language, memory, and thinking. |
| How can a stroke in the cerebral cortex affect other body systems? | It can cause weakness or paralysis of limbs, speech problems, swallowing difficulties, and problems with balance or coordination, affecting the muscular, respiratory, and digestive systems. |
| Where are the thyroid and parathyroid glands located and what hormones do they secrete? | Both are in the neck. The thyroid secretes T3, T4, and calcitonin. The parathyroid glands (small glands on the back of the thyroid) secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH). |
| What mistake did Joshua make when he said thyroid follicles contain parathyroid cells that secrete PTH and calcitonin? | He mixed two glands: calcitonin comes from C cells in the thyroid, but PTH is produced by separate parathyroid glands on the posterior surface of the thyroid, not inside its follicles. |
| Name two key structural differences in blood flow between the fetal heart and the heart after birth. | The fetus has a foramen ovale (between right and left atria) and a ductus arteriosus (between pulmonary trunk and aorta) that shunt blood away from the lungs; both normally close after birth. |
| Why must fetal heart circulation change after birth? | After birth the lungs inflate and become the main site of gas exchange, so blood must be pumped through the lungs rather than being shunted around them. |
| Why is “circulation” not the best word to describe lymph flow? | Because lymph flows in one direction from tissues back to the bloodstream in an open, low-pressure system; it does not move in a closed loop like blood circulation. |
| How does the structure of the alveoli help them carry out their function? | Back (A): Alveoli have thin walls, a huge combined surface area, and are surrounded by capillaries, which makes gas exchange (O₂ and CO₂) fast and efficient. |
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