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Respiration
Respiration in animals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define respiratory exchange | exchange of gases (CO2 + O2) between an organism and it's enviroment |
| define cellular respiration | breakdown of organic molecules to obtain energy (ATP) frequently requiring O2 |
| define ventilation | respiratory medium flowing over area of surface exchange |
| difference between air + water as a respiratory medium | air is more efficient, higer concentration of O2, less energy to ventilate. water has a lower O2 concentration + lower availibility depending on the enviroment, higher ventiliation cost |
| why do respiratory surfaces need to be thin + moist to be efficient? | O2 + CO2 can only diffuse across the membrane once they are dissolved in water/moisture, and for respiration to be as quick/efficient as possible thinner is better |
| list the respiratory adaptions of aquatic animals + briefly describe | Gills- ventilation by movement of parapodia, body apendages, or cilia driving water over the gills |
| describe countercurrent exchange in fish | water flows into mouth + over gills of fish; blood flows through capillaries in gills in opp. direction; blood w/ high O2 levels always meets water w/ high O2 levels letting as much O2 diffuse into blood as possible; favorable conc. gradient; very effic. |
| describe the insect trachael system + why it's efficient | air/O2 enters/exits through openings in the body (spiracles) goes through tubes (tracheae) to tracheoles; O2 diffuses directly into cells, CO2 diffuses out. replaces need for circ. system, direct delivery, large SA, less energy needed |
| describe mammalian lungs | pair of organs on either side of the heart. Air is inhaled, travels into the alveoli in the lungs; and O2 diffuses into the capillaries on the alveoli into the bloodstream. CO2 diffuses from capillaries to alveoli to be exhaled |
| what other surfaces do turtles + frogs use for gas exchange? | frogs: skin turtles: cloaca - freshwater turtles can pump water into their cloaca and the oxygen diffuses from the water into the bloodstream. Helpful if they can't go up to the surface for air. |
| describe bird lungs | air is drawn in through nostrils, brought into post. air sacs; air is pushed into lungs (gas exhange happens in parabronchi in capillaries); then into ant. air sacs; then exhaled outside the body |
| describe positive pressure breathing in amphibians | air is drawn in through nostrils + buccal cavity is lowered; nostrils close, buccal cavity raises + air goes through glottis into lungs; recoil of lungs/body muscle contractions push old air out glottis + nostrils |
| describe negative pressure breathing in mammals | diaphram contracts, thorax + lungs expand, intrapulmonary pressure drops, + air in drawn into lungs. Diaphram relaxes, thorax + lungs get smaller, the intrapulmonary pressure rises, and air is pushed out/exhaled out of the lungs |
| describe the movement of respiratory gases between blood + aveoli, and between blood + the body cells | blood/aveoli: O2 diffuses from air in aveoli into blood in the cap. CO2 diffuses from blood through the cap. into the aveoli blood/body cells: O2 diffuses from blood into body tissues for cellular respiration. CO2 diffuses from tissue cells into blood |
| what are respiratory pigments? | proteins that bind to respiratory gases to transport them through the body. ex. hemoglobin + hemocyanin (transports O2 in some invertebrates) |
| define hemoglobin, its components, + where its found in vertebrates | An iron rich protein in your red blood cells. It binds to oxygen in the lungs + transports it throughout the body. It also binds to CO2 to transport it to the lungs to be expelled outside the body |
| how are oxygen + CO2 transported in blood? | O2 binds to hemoglobin (98.5%) or directly into blood plasma (1.5%) CO2 combines with water to form carbonic acids which dissociates into bicarbonate ions(70%); binds to hemoglobin (23%) or it dissolves directly into the blood plasma (7%) |
| describe the respiratory adaptations found in running + diving mammals | running: larger gas exchange area in lungs; higher number of mitochrondria in muscles diving: larger O2 storage capacity- more blood + myoglobin (stores + transports O2) in muscles |
| why do birds have the most efficient respiratory system? | unidirectional air flow/one way air flow: fresh O2 rich air will always/only go over parabronchi for gas exchange + there's no backflow. very efficient + supports birds high metabolism lifestyle |
Created by:
every_august
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