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Circulation
Circulation in animals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Circulatory system purpose | transports substances + nutrients (ex. oxygen) throughout the body/body's cells, and removes waste products (ex. CO2) |
| Circulation definition | exchange of substances and energy with the enviroment |
| Gastrovacular cavity diffusion (definition + example) | internal cavity connected to the enviroment. Food gets broken down then nutrients diffuse through the cells lining the cavity to the rest of the body. Oxygen + CO2 also diffuse into/out of through their body wall ex. Cnidaria + platyhelminthes |
| Circulation by diffusion (definition + example) | ex. Porifera nutrients, O2/CO2, and waste all get transported by diffusion with the constant flow of water going through their bodies created by choanocytes |
| 3 major components of the circulatory system | fluid (circulates through body, carries nuitrients/gases/waste) pump (1 or more, to move fluid) pipes (for fluid to go through) |
| Closed vs. open circulatory system | open: fluid = hemolymph; exits pipes to directly bathe organs; lower energy cost; lower pressure (ex. arthropods, molluscs) closed: fluid = blood; stays in pipes; higher energy cost; higher pressure. More efficient then an open system. |
| single vs. double circulation | single circulation: blood passes through the heart once in a single circuit (ex. fish) double: blood passes through the heart twice in a single circuit (ex. amphibians, reptiles, birds/mammals) |
| advantage of double circulation | higher blood pressure is maintained when blood is sent to the body, more efficient + supports a higher metabolism (oxygen is being transported quicker + more efficiently) |
| compare/contrast fish, amphibian, reptile, + mammal/bird circulatory systems | fish: 2 chambers, single, no mixing amphib: 3 chambers, double, blood mixes reptile: 3 chambers, double, blood mixes mammal: 4 chambers, double, no mixing |
| arteries (function, wall thickness, luminal diameter + wall structure) | carries blood away from heart thick walls narrow luminal diameter made of endothelium, smooth muscle + connective tissue |
| describe mammal heart anatomy + blood circulation | 4 chambers: Body; vena cava; right atrium; tricuspid valve; right ventricle; pulmonary arteries; lungs; pulmonary veins; left atrium; mitral valve, left ventricle; aortic semilunar valve, aorta/body |
| describe the composition of mammal blood | plasma (55%), red blood cells(45%), white blood cells + platelets ("buffy coat" >1%) |
| list major components + functions of plasma | made of mostly water. transports blood cells, nutrients, hormones, + proteins around the body |
| erythrocyte (red blood cell) functions | carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues, and CO2 back to the lungs to be expelled out of the body |
| leukocyte (white blood cell) functions | fight infections, essential for your immune system |
| platelet functions | stopping bleeding by clotting |
| lymphatic system functions | defends the body against infections + drains excess fluid from tissues |
| describe how the lymphatic system works | drains fluid (lymph) from tissues that have leaked out of the blood vessels, brings it up the body through lymphatic vessels by the contraction of the surrounding skeletal muscles (valves to prevent backflow) goes back into bloodstream through lymphnodes |
| arteries vs. veins vs. capillaries | arteries: blood away from heart, high pressure, thick walls veins: blood towards heart, low pressure, thin walls capillaries: low pressure, thin wall, substance exchange |
| veins (function, wall thickness, luminal diameter + wall structure) | carries blood towards heart thin walls wide luminal diameter made of endothelium, smooth muscle + connective tissue |
| capillaries (function, wall thickness, luminal diameter + wall structure) | substance exchange between blood and tissues very thin very narrow made of endothelium |
| right atrium + ventricle function | right atrium: recieves blood from body tissues right ventricle: pumps blood to the lungs |
| left atrium + ventricle function | left atrium: recieves blood from lungs left ventricle: pumps blood into the body tissues |
| valve function (in heart) | prevents backflow of blood from ventricles to atria arteries to ventricles |
| blood vs. lymph vs. hemolymph | blood: stays in blood vessels, found in vertebrates + annelids lymph:stays in lymphatic vessels, sim. to interstitial fluid, found in vertebrates hemolymph: directly baths body organs/cells, sim to interstitial fluid, found in arthropods |
Created by:
every_august
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