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Bio101 Lab Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acids | donate H+ decrease pH sour, burning, sticky pH < 7 |
| Bases | accept H+ increase pH bitter/soupy, odorless, slippery pH > 7 |
| Buffer | resistant to pH change; minimize the change in pH Can accept or donate H+ |
| Dependent variable | pH of the solution (stomach acid and antacid together) |
| Independent variable | Brand of antacid |
| Control variable | Treatment in which the independent variable is either eliminated or set at a standard value Multiple (groups) can exist to confirm the validity of the experiment, making sure the result is caused by the specific, intended variable |
| Pepcid | Had the most. activities, worked the best for stomach acid |
| IKI test (starch) | Solution turns extremely dark blue indicating starch is present |
| Benedict's test (reducing sugars) | A color change and formation of a precipitate indicates the presence of reducing sugars, needs heat for reaction to occur The color in increasing order showing the strength of reducing sugars; blue, green, yellow, and red |
| Biuret test (proteins) | If the solution turns purple, proteins are present |
| Indophenol test (vitamin C) | If the solution turns clear, vitamin C is present |
| AgNO3 test (chloride ions) | If chloride ions are present, it will form a precipitate with the silver from silver nitrate |
| Sudan Dye test (lipids) | Oil is soluble, dye stays with it, turns red Dye sits at bottom of water, not soluble |
| Biological processes that involve reducing sugars | Cellular respiration (glycolysis) |
| Difference between reducing and non-reducing sugars | Non-reducing sugars don't have a free carboxyl group (COOH) that allows them to react with Benedicts reagent |
| Vitamin C | not a macromolecule, but plays an important role in collage, antioxidant defense, neurotransmitter synthesis, and immune function |
| Sucrose | Contains reducing sugars, but is not. a reducing sugar because it needs to be broken up |
| Diffusion | Movement of molecules down concentration gradient through Brownian movement (random motion as a result of collision) and Passive transport (no energy required) |
| Diffusions | Affected by Temperature Molecule Gradient Pressure |
| Osmosis | special diffusion of water across semipermeable membrane |
| Hypotonic | low levels of solute Water will leave this side, causing Plasmolysis (shrinking of protoplasm as a result of loss of water) |
| Isotonic | equal levels of solute |
| Hypertonic | High levels of solute Water will go to this side, possibly causing Cytolysis (bursting of cell due to too much water) |
| Biological processes where osmosis or diffusion are important | Gas exchange (O2 going in and CO2 going out) Excretion where waste products travel easily to excretory organs |
| Enzymes | Speed up reaction, not involved in reaction, very specific shape Lowers activation energy REUSABLE |
| Optimum pH for lactose | 7 |
| Increase in heat | Can have a negative effect on enzyme structure due to possible denaturing, which changes the enzymes shape |
| Relationship between enzyme concentration and rate of reaction | Higher the enzyme concentration, the higher and quicker the rate of reaction Due to more active sites provided for the substrate to bind to, leading to more product within the given time |
| Lactose intolerant | Condition that relates to a low enzyme concentration |
| Benedict's test (reducing sugars) | Can't be used for the enzyme experiment, because it doesn't differentiate lactose from other reducing sugars it produces This means that lactose will yield a positive result no matter what, making Lactase's active undeterminable |
| Red light | Best light for photosynthesis because it is the furthest wavelength away form the green chlorophyll, allowing light to be absorbed the most |
| Why the plant was kept in the dark | The darkness prevented anymore photosynthesis from occurring, calibrating the plant, and giving us a low/zero value |
| Interphase | Longest stage of the cell cycle |
| Prophase | Longest stage of mitosis |
| Key differences between animal and plants in the cell cycle | Plant cells don't have centrosomes/aster to organize the mitotic spindle Plant cells form cell plate for their cell wall that splits the two nucleuses; they don't form a cleavage furrow that splits animal cells |
| Phenotype | Observable trait |
| Genotype | Combination of alleles for a particular trait |
| Homozygous | 2 of the same allele |
| Heterozygous | 2 different alleles |
| Allele | Version of gene |
| Question | A scientific investigation starts with a |
| Total magnification | Objective lens x eyepiece/ocular lens |
| Why it is important to only use the coarse adjustment knob to focus at a low power and never at a medium or high power (where you would use fine adjustment) | The coarse adjustment knob can scratch the stage or objective lens, ruining the light microscope |
| Osmosis | Water moves from the hypotonic side to the hypertonic side, Makes the hypotonic side lose weight (Plasmolysis) and the hypertonic side gain weight (Cytolysis) |
| Cytolysis | bursting of cell due to too much water |
| Plasmolysis | shrinking of protoplasm as a result of loss of water |
| Why do enzymes not function properly at cold temperatures | Cold temperature can delay the enzymes ability to speed up the reaction, making the cold temperature work as an inhibitor |
| 7 steps of the scientific method | Ask question Literature review/research question Develop hypothesis Perform experiment/test hypothesis Collect and analyze data Draw conclusion Communicate results |
Created by:
phillipchristopherr
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