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biomolecules
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| defn of biomolecules | chemicals that are made inside a living thing |
| four biomolecules found in food | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid |
| why is food important to living organisms (give three examples) | provides energy for all our bodys activities allows for growth and repair of structures protects against disease |
| elements used in living things : found in foods (x5) | CARBON oxygen hydrogen nitrogen phosphorus sulfur |
| elements used in living things: found in dissolved salts (x4) | sodium potassium magnesium calcium |
| what are trace elements + give examples | elements that are only required of living things in tiny amounts iron, zinc, copper, iodine |
| what is the chemical composition of carbohydrates | contains, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen always a fixed ratio of twice as much hydrogen as oxygen |
| what is the formula for chemical composition of carbohydrates | Cx (H2O) y |
| what is the chemical composition of glucose | C6(h2o) 6 C6H12O6 |
| what are the three main types of carbohydrates + one example of each | monosaccharides (glucose) disaccharides (maltose) polysaccharides (starch) |
| what is the basic unit of a carbohydrate | monosaccharide |
| what is a monosaccharide | the basic unit of a carbohydrate |
| what is the structure of a monosaccharide | consists of a single sugar unit sweet to taste soluble in water |
| 3 examples of a monosaccharide and where they are found | glucose - made in plants in photosynthesis + broken down in respiration to release energy (fruit/honey) fructose - fruit ribose - sugar used to form RNA |
| structure of a disaccharide | consists of two sugar units joined together sweet to taste soluble in water |
| give three examples of disaccharides, what they are made of, where they are found | maltose *two glucose molecules - cereal, grains, germinating seeds sucrose *glucose and fructose - table sugar, sugarcane lactose *glucose and galactose - milk |
| structure of polysaccharides | many sugar units joined together not sweet to taste insoluble/ only slightly soluble in water |
| give three examples of polysaccharides and their uses | starch - easily digested + provides energy glycogen - stored in the muscles and liver cellulose - difficult to digest, used as a source of fiber to stimulate the intestines (peristalsis) *cellulose has more cross bonding = difficult to digest |
| give example of a storage polysaccharide in plants | starch |
| give example of a storage polysaccharide in animals | glycogen |
| sources of starch and cellulose (fiber) | starch - bread, potatoes, pasta cellulose - wholegrain bread, skin of fruit and veg, nuts |
| what is the chemical composition of lipids? | contains the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
| How do fats differ from oils? | Fats are lipids that are solid at room temp Oils are lipids that are liquid at room temp |
| What is the basic unit of a lipid? | Triglyceride |
| What is a triglyceride | the basic unit of a lipid |
| what is the structure of a triglyceride? | One glycerol molecule and three molecules of fatty acids attached |
| Nutritional sources of lipids (x4) | butter, cream, oil, fat on meat, seeds |
| What is the metabolic role of lipids? (x4) | Respiration to release energy (catabolic role) for storage of energy (adipose tissue) to insulate and protect organs used to form cell membranes |
| What is the structure of a phospholipid? | glycerol molecule with two attached fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group |
| Difference between triglyceride and a phospholipid | a phosphate group replaces a fatty acid |
| Where can you find a phospholipid in a cell | Biological membranes |
| What is the chemical composition of a protein | Contains the elements carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen (sometimes contains sulfur and phosphorus) |
| What are amino acids | the basic unit of protein |
| what is the basic unit of protein | amino acids |
| difference between amino acids and a protein? | amino acids are the basic unit of protein a protein is a chain of many amino acids joined together |
| How many common amino acids are proteins made up of | 20 |
| What is a peptide | a short chain of amino acids (up to 50) |
| What is a polypeptide | a long chain of amino acids (more than 50) |
| what is a protein | a long chain of polypeptides (more than 200 amino acids) |
| What holds amino acids together | a peptide bond |
| what are the two types of proteins | fibrous proteins and globular proteins |
| How do fibrous proteins differ from globular proteins | fibrous - show very little foldings globular - show a lot of folding to form a rounded 3D shape |
| Examples of fibrous proteins | keratin in hair and nails collagen - strength and support of tissues myosin in muscles |
| examples of globular proteins | haemoglobin - in red blood cells enzymes |
| nutritional sources of protein | meat, fish, eggs, nuts, milk |
| Metabolic roles of proteins (x3) | 1. enzymes control reactions - they may be anabolic (photosynthesis) or catabolic (respiration) 2. hormones regulate processes - insulin regulates the amount of sugar in our blood |
| third reason of metabolic roles of proteins | 3. immunity - proteins on the cell surface allow the immune system to distinguish self/ foreign cells. 4. Antibodies help inactivate and destroy viruses and bacteria. |
| How are proteins essential to the structure and functions of membranes? | Channel proteins form the pores in membranes Channel proteins act as receptors to recognise molecules They are semi permeable - allow the transport of certain molecules across the membrane |
| Structure of nucleotides | Large biomolecules are made from subunits called nucleotides (RNA/DNA) a nucleotide consists of a phosphate group a sugar and a nitrogenous base |
| What are the types of nucleic acid and what sugars they contain | DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid contains deoxyribose sugar RNA - ribonucleic acid contains the sugar ribose |
| What is the function of nucleic acid | to carry information in cells |
| Difference in DNA and RNA nucleotides | the sugar (deoxyribose and ribose) the base - DNA (a,g,c or t) RNA (a,g,c or u) |
| What are minerals? DEFN | Minerals are inorganic nutrients that plants and animals require in small amounts |
| Why are minerals needed? 4 reasons | 1. To control the pH in cells and organs (sodium, potassium, chlorine) 2. To help control enzyme systems 3. Muscle contraction requires calcium and magnesium 4. Sodium and potassium needed for transmission of nerve impulses |
| How are minerals used in the formation of structures? x4 | Iron is involved in the formation of haemoglobin Calcium involved in the formation of teeth and bones Magnesium is involved in the formation of chlorophyll (plants) Iodine is involved in the formation of hormone thyroxine which controls metabolic rate |
| Where do animals source their minerals + mention disease related with lack of those minerals | calcium - dairy products and leafy greens (osteoporosis/brittle bones) sodium+chlorine - table salt magnesium - whole grains and green veg Iron - meat/eggs/wholegrains/nuts/green veg (anaemia) |
| where do plants source their minerals | the roots of plants absorb minerals from the soil by active transport farmers spread fertilisers containing nitrate on their lands so plants can form proteins and grow faster |
| What are vitamins | vitamins are complex biomolecules that are not made in the body but are needed in tiny amounts |
| What are the two categories of vitamins? | water soluble - vitamins c and b fat soluble - vitamins a, e , d and k |
| good sources of vit c | veg and fresh fruit |
| biological role of vitamin c | important for the formation of collagen which is found in connective tissue (holds body structures together) growth and maintenance of bones and teeth helping wounds heal immune function |
| disease associated with lack of vit c + symptoms of that disease | scurvy: bleeding gums with loose teeth, bleeding under skin, tiredness, poor healing of skin, aching joints |
| Give an example of a fat soluble vitamin, its sources, | vit d - oily fish and egg yolks |
| give an example of a fat soluble vitamin - its biological role, diseases associated with deficiency and symptoms of that disease | vit d allows for small intestines to absorb calcium (needed for healthy teeth and bone formation) Rickets in children + osteomalacia in adults symptoms: weak/soft bones that deform easily resulting in bowed legs |
| Why is water important to living organisms 1-4 | main component of cytoplasm and body fluids good solvent - many chemical reactions take place when dissolved in water maintains neutral pH of 7 participates in chemical reactions (respiration/photosynthesis) moves easily through membranes - allows c |
| Why is water important to living organisms 5-6 | moves easily through membranes - allows cells to have shape and structure - osmosis helps to regulate temperature (water has high specific heat capacity 4200 kJ/mol) |
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