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Biology 7-12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What molecules are involved in DNA replication? | DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, primase, ligase, single-strand binding proteins, RNA primers |
| Which DNA nucleotides bind with each other? | A pairs with T, C pairs with G |
| What are the monomers of DNA called? | Nucleotides |
| What does semi-conservative DNA replication mean? | Each new DNA molecule has one original strand and one new strand |
| What composes the backbone of DNA? | Sugar (deoxyribose) + phosphate. |
| What are checkpoints? | Interphase (G1 → S → G2) → Mitosis → Cytokinesis; Checkpoints ensure DNA is correct before dividing; Prevents cancer by causing cells that are screwed up to die |
| What happens in the various stages of the cell cycle? | Interphase: G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (prep) M phase: mitosis PPMAT+ cytokinesis: Cell Splits |
| What is the normal number of autosomes and sex chromosomes that a human male and female have? | Total: 46 chromosomes; Pairs: 23 pairs |
| What is nondisjunction and what are examples of disorders can this lead to? | Chromosomes fail to separate → leads to extra or missing chromosomes; It leads to aneuploidies |
| What type of reproduction is used to allow for sperm and eggs to fuse? | Sexual reproduction |
| What is cancer and how does it relate to the cell cycle? | Uncontrolled cell division due to cell cycle failure. |
| What is the normal of autosomes and sex chromosomes that a human male and female have? | Humans have 46 chromosomes total; Autosomes: 44 autosomes (22 pairs); Sex chromosomes: Female: XX |
| What is a hybrid? How do you get a hybrid? | Offspring of genetically different parents (e.g. |
| What is an allele? | Different versions of a gene |
| What does heterozygous and homozygous mean? | Heterozygous: two different alleles (Bb); Homozygous: two identical (BB or bb) |
| What is genotype? | Genetic makeup (letters); Genotype refers to the specific set of alleles an organism has for a gene. It is the genetic makeup of an individual. |
| What is phenotype? | Physical trait (appearance); observable physical |
| What is a gene locus? | Location of a gene on a chromosome; A gene locus is the specific physical location of a gene on a chromosome. |
| What is a test cross? | Crossing unknown genotype with homozygous recessive. |
| What does it mean if an allele is dominant or recessive? | Dominant shows if present (A) |
| What is Transcription? | DNA → mRNA (in nucleus) |
| What is Translation? | mRNA → protein (in ribosome) |
| What is a gene? On what larger molecule are genes found on? | A DNA sequence coding for a protein. |
| What is Codon? | 3-base mRNA sequence coding for an amino acid. |
| Which nucleotide is not present in RNA? Instead RNA have which nucleotide? | No T; replaced by U (uracil). |
| What molecules are involved in transcription? | DNA |
| What is an mRNA? | Messenger RNA that carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes; Messenger RNA carrying coding instructions. |
| What molecules are involved in translation? | mRNA |
| What does GMO stand for? | Genetically Modified Organism |
| List GMO agricultural crops. | Corn, soybeans, cotton, canola, sugar beets, papaya, squash, alfalfa, potato. |
| Provide examples of the use of GMOs in research. | Fluorescent mice, bacteria that express human proteins, knockout animals. |
| Provide an example of a GMO used to produce a human medicine. | Insulin-producing bacteria. |
| Define gene therapy. | Replacing or fixing faulty genes in humans. |
| What is gel electrophoresis? | Separates DNA fragments by size using electricity. |
| What is natural selection and how does it relate to evolution? | Process where individuals with better traits survive and reproduce → leads to evolution. |
| Does evolution and natural selection apply to individuals or populations? | Individuals |
| List the evidence for evolution that was discussed in class. | Fossils, anatomy, embryology, molecular DNA, biogeography. |
| Define adaptation. | A trait that increases survival or reproductive success. |
| Define vestigial structure. | Structure with reduced/unused function (appendix |
| Define homologous structure. | Shared ancestry |
| What does fossil evidence allow for us to study? | Changes over time; extinct species; transitional forms. |
| Mitosis | Growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. Two daughter cells. Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell. Diploid (2n) cells are produced from diploid cells. |
| Meiosis | Sexual reproduction by producing gametes (sperm & eggs). Daughter cells are genetically differ from the parent cell & from each other. Haploid (n) cells are produced from diploid cells (reduction division). Pair up in Prophase I and separate in Anaphase |
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