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Biology Finale
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Cell | |
| List and describe the characteristics of life. | Organization: Cells → Tissues → Organs → Systems → Organism; Metabolism: Use energy to grow and function; Homeostasis: Maintain stable internal environment; Growth and Development: Increase in size or complexity; Reproduction: Produce offspring; Response |
| What is science? | A systematic approach to understanding the natural world through observation |
| Define hypothesis. | A testable |
| What are the steps of the scientific method? | Observation → Question → Hypothesis → Experiment → Data Collection → Analysis → Conclusion |
| What are the levels of organization of life? | Atom → Molecule → Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere |
| Discuss harmful aspects of radioisotopes. | Can damage cells and DNA; May cause cancer |
| Discuss beneficial uses for radioisotopes. | Medical imaging (PET scans |
| Why should you not say all chemicals are safe or that all chemicals are dangerous? | Toxicity depends on dose and context |
| Do humans need to do detox diets | No. The liver and kidneys naturally detoxify the body. |
| Can drinking too much water kill someone? | Yes, Water intoxication Death |
| What do PET scans detect? | Imaging technique that uses radioisotopes to detect metabolic activity in the body; Use: Detect cancer |
| Define cohesion. | Attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| Define and be able to apply the term base. | Substance that reduces H+ concentration; pH > 7 |
| What values on a pH scale are basic? | Acidic: 0–6 (more H⁺ ions); Neutral: 7 (pure water); Basic (alkaline): 8–14 (more OH⁻ ions) |
| What are the major functions of lipids in the body? | Phospholipids (with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails forming the bilayer) |
| Therapeutic drugs primarily target which class of macromolecules? | Proteins |
| What is glycogen and what is its function? | A branched polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals; stored in liver and muscles |
| A genetic mutation would impact what level(s) of protein structure? | Primary → which can also change secondary |
| What are enzymes classified as? | Proteins |
| What type of lipid is testosterone? | A steroid lipid |
| What type of lipid is cholesterol? | A steroid lipid |
| Anabolic steroids mimic which molecule? | Testosterone |
| What is the function of mitochondria? | ATP energy production (plants + animals) |
| What structures are unique to prokaryotic cells? | No nucleus; no membrane-bound organelles; nucleoid region |
| What structures are unique to eukaryotes? | Nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi, etc. |
| What structures do plant and animal cells have in common? | Nucleus, mitochondria, ER, ribosomes, cytoplasm, membrane. |
| What organelle would be in abundance when active transport is needed to occur at high amounts? | Mitochondria |
| Immune cells like macrophages use what method of endocytosis to take in and destroy pathogens? | Macrophages use phagocytosis to engulf pathogens |
| Sweat and tears are the result of which cellular process? | Exocytosis |
| Why do plants go limp in dry soil? | Lose water by osmosis (become flaccid) |
| To increase blood volume | you would want to use what type of IV bag? Isotonic |
| What is an enzyme and how are they named? | Protein catalyst; often end in -ase (e.g. |
| What is energy? | Energy stored in chemical bonds |
| What is chemical energy? | Energy stored in chemical bonds |
| What form of energy do we store energy as in food? | Chemical energy |
| How is ATP used by cells to get energy to do work? | ATP loses a phosphate group through hydrolysis and makes ADP; breaks off a phosphate → releases energy |
| What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain? | Oxygen (O₂) |
| What is fermentation? How does it work in humans? | Converts pyruvate to lactic acid when oxygen is unavailable; Anaerobic ATP production; In humans: produces lactic acid |
| What metabolic pathway is shared by both fermentation and aerobic cellular respiration? | Glycolysis (occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration) |
| Why do we breathe? How does this relate to cellular respiration? | To supply O₂ for cellular respiration and remove CO₂ produced as waste |
| What does photosynthesis do for a plant? | Produces glucose for energy and releases oxygen |
| Why are leaves green? | Chlorophyll reflects green wavelengths of light |
| What color of light is least useful to plants because it is reflected or transmitted from the plant? | Green light |
| What are the reactants of photosynthesis? | CO₂ + H₂O + sunlight |
| What molecules are involved in DNA replication? | DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, primase, ligase, single-strand binding proteins, RNA primers |
| Which DNA nucleotides bind with each other? | A pairs with T; C pairs with G |
| What are the monomers of DNA called? | Nucleotides |
| What does semi-conservative DNA replication mean? | Each new DNA molecule has one original strand and one new strand |
| What composes the backbone of DNA? | Sugar (deoxyribose) + phosphate |
| What are checkpoints? | Interphase (G1 → S → G2) → Mitosis → Cytokinesis; Checkpoints ensure DNA is correct before dividing; Prevents cancer by causing cells that are screwed up to die |
| What happens in the various stages of the cell cycle? | Interphase: G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (prep) M phase: mitosis PPMAT+ cytokinesis: Cell Splits |
| What is the normal number of autosomes and sex chromosomes that a human male and female have? | Total: 46 chromosomes; Pairs: 23 pairs |
| What is nondisjunction and what are examples of disorders can this lead to? | Chromosomes fail to separate → leads to extra or missing chromosomes; Examples: Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) |
| Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. | Mitosis: growth |
| What type of reproduction is used to allow for sperm and eggs to fuse? | Sexual reproduction |
| What is cancer and how does it relate to the cell cycle? | Uncontrolled cell division due to cell cycle failure |
| What is a hybrid? How do you get a hybrid? | Offspring of genetically different parents (e.g. |
| What is an allele? | Different versions of a gene |
| What does heterozygous and homozygous mean? | Heterozygous: two different alleles (Bb); Homozygous: two identical (BB or bb) |
| What is genotype? | Genetic makeup (letters); refers to the specific set of alleles an organism has for a gene |
| What is phenotype? | Physical trait (appearance); observable physical |
| What is a gene locus? | Location of a gene on a chromosome |
| What is a test cross? | Crossing unknown genotype with homozygous recessive |
| What does it mean if an allele is dominant or recessive? | Dominant shows if present (A); Recessive only if both are recessive (aa) |
| What is Transcription? | DNA → mRNA (in nucleus) |
| What is Translation? | mRNA → protein (in ribosome) |
| What is a gene? On what larger molecule are genes found? | A DNA sequence coding for a protein; found on DNA |
| What is a Codon? | 3-base mRNA sequence coding for an amino acid |
| Which nucleotide is not present in RNA? Instead RNA have which nucleotide? | No T; replaced by U (uracil) |
| What molecules are involved in transcription? | DNA |
| What is an mRNA? | Messenger RNA carrying coding instructions from DNA to ribosomes |
| What molecules are involved in translation? | mRNA |
| What does GMO stand for? | Genetically Modified Organism |
| List GMO agricultural crops. | Corn, soybeans, cotton, canola, sugar beets, papaya, squash, alfalfa, potato. |
| Provide examples of the use of GMOs in research. | Fluorescent mice, bacteria that express human proteins, knockout animals. |
| Provide an example of a GMO used to produce a human medicine. | Insulin-producing bacteria |
| Define gene therapy. | Replacing or fixing faulty genes in humans |
| What is gel electrophoresis? | Separates DNA fragments by size using electricity |
| What is natural selection and how does it relate to evolution? | Process where individuals with better traits survive and reproduce → leads to evolution |
| Does evolution and natural selection apply to individuals or populations? | Evolution occurs in populations; selection acts on individuals |
| List the evidence for evolution that was discussed in class. | Fossils, anatomy, embryology, molecular DNA, biogeography. |
| Define adaptation. | A trait that increases survival or reproductive success |
| Define vestigial structure. | Structure with reduced/unused function (appendix |
| Define homologous structure. | Shared ancestry |
| What does fossil evidence allow for us to study? | Changes over time; extinct species; transitional forms |
| What is Hypotheses? | Tentative explanation; narrow in scope. |
| What is Theories? | Broad explanation supported by extensive evidence. |
| Saturated | No double bonds; straight chains; solid at room temp; tightly packed |
| Unsaturated | One or more double bonds; kinks in chains; liquid at room temperature |
| What do PLANT CELLS HAVE Animal do not have? | cell wall, chloroplasts, large vacuole. |
| What does ANIMAL CELLS HAVE Plants do not Have? | no cell wall, no chloroplasts, small vacuoles. |
| Meiosis | Sexual reproduction by producing gametes (sperm & eggs). Daughter cells are genetically differ from the parent cell & from each other. Haploid (n) cells are produced from diploid cells (reduction division). Pair up in Prophase I and separate in Anaphase |
| Mitosis | Growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. Two daughter cells. Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell. Diploid (2n) cells are produced from diploid cells. |
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