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Movement & support
animal muscles & skeletons
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What type of cell are muscle cells? | Excitable cells :D |
| 3 types of muscle tissue in animals | Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle |
| Skeletal muscle (description, voluntary/involuntary control, function, location) | Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells, have striations, voluntary control for movement, manipulation of environment, facial expression, attached to bones and occasionally skin |
| Smooth muscle (description, voluntary/involuntary control, function, location) | Spindle-shaped cells w central nuclei, no striations, cells form sheets, involuntary control - propels substances or objects along internal passageways, in most organ linings |
| Cardiac muscle (description, voluntary/involuntary control, function, location) | Branching, striated, mostly uninucleate cells that connect at specialized junctions (intercalated discs), involuntary control - blood circulation, in the walls of the heart |
| Describe structure of a muscle & arrangement of filaments inside cell | Muscles are made of muscle fibres that are made of muscle cells bundled together in long tubes. Thick filaments are in-between thin filaments in a sarcomere |
| Sarcomere | The functional units of skeletal muscle; sections of thin & thick filaments with Z lines bordering each section |
| What are thin & thick filaments made out of? | Proteins: Thin - actin, thick - myosin |
| What is the cross-bridge cycle & its function? | Muscle contraction where the thick filament pulls the thin filament closer to the M line in each sarcomere, shortening the muscle fibre |
| Explain the sliding-filament model of muscle contraction | ATP + myosin -> ADP & P and myosin head moves upright, myosin head binds to actin, ADP & P released, myosin head pivots sliding actin towards M line, ATP binding site opens on myosin |
| Explain the role of tropomyosin, tropnin and Ca2+ in muscle contraction | Tropomyosin is a filament that wraps around actin & at rest, blocks myosin binding sites with troponin complexes; Ca2+ binds to troponin & pulls it off myosin binding sites, allowing cross-bridge cycle |
| Explain the regulation of skeletal muscle contraction | Action potential from motor neuron initiates chemical synapse at muscle cell -> action potential fires along muscle cell membrane -> T tubule -> sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ towards muscle filaments, binding to troponin |
| how do the muscles relax? | when action potentials cease (stop potentials to motor neuron, breakdown NT in synapse) & voltage-gated Ca2+ channels close in the sarcoplasmic reticulum & Ca2+ is pumped back into the SR |
| 3 types of skeletons | hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton |
| hydrostatic skeleton | rely on internal fluid-filled compartments under pressure & contraction of circular & longitudinal muscles. Flexible, offer little cushioning, heavy, best suited for aquatic environments, small inverts ex. annelids, cnidarians, nematodes |
| exoskeleton | chitin or calcium encasement, no tissue on top, muscles attach to exoskeleton. Inflexible, good protection, heavy after certain size; prevents dehydration, limits growth - requires moulting. For aquatic or terrestrial inverts |
| endoskeleton | hardened internal skeleton under tissue, may be inorganic needle-like material (sponge), hard plates (echinoderms), cartilage, bone or both (vertebrate). Flexible, less protective, better movement & support, lightweight. Good for aquatic & terrestrial |
| describe locomotion of an earthworm | moves by alternating contraction/relaxation of circular & longitudinal muscles, segment by segment along body. Circ. contract - squish & stretch body -> anchor using setae -> long. contract - expand & shorten body -> anchor & recover circ. muscles |
| describe 3 modes of movement for unicellular organisms | by pseudopods, cilia or flagella |
| pseudopodia movement | projection of the cytoplasm to move forward, ex. amoeba |
| cilia movement | short appendages moving in stroking motion that pulls organism forward, includes an active & recovery stroke, ex. paramecium |
| flagella movement | long appendages moving in undulating motion to propel organism forward, ex. euglena |
| axial vs appendicular skeleton | axial - support & protection. in humans: skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae. appendicular - locomotion & movement. in humans: all limb bones incl. girdles |
| what are the girdles? what bones make the shoulder & pelvic girdle in humans? | the attachment and connection points of the limbs, protecting them and anchoring them to the body. Shoulder: clavicle & scapula, pelvic: hip bone & sacrum |
| name all the main bones of the human body (21) | skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrate, clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, hip bones, sacrum, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges |
| name the 3 types of joints | ball & socket, hinge joint, pivot joint |
| ball & socket joint - movement & example | allows rotation & movement in several planes, ex. shoulder - humerus & scapula |
| hinge joint - movement & example | allows flexion & extension, ex. knuckle - phalanges |
| pivot joint - movement & example | allows rotation, ex. radius & ulna |
| muscle antagonism | muscles function in pairs where the contraction of one muscle (agonist) requires relaxation of the other one (antagonist); muscles work in opposite pairs to pull bones in different directions |
| describe antagonism using the biceps & triceps, specifying for each: location, origins of muscles & insertion | biceps: anterior, 2 origins - scapula, radius insertion. Triceps: posterior, 3 origins - 1 scapula, 2 humerus, ulna insertion |
| describe muscular antagonism in a human arm | the bicep contracts and the triceps relaxes to bend the arm, then the triceps contracts and bicep relaxes to extend the arm |
| describe muscular antagonism in a grasshopper tibia | the flexor muscle contracts and the extensor muscle relaxes to bend the tibia, then the flexor muscle relaxes and the extensor muscle contracts to extend the tibia. |
| compare shell of snails & exoskeleton of arthropod based on: chemical composition, function | snail: calcium rings that grow continuously, protects soft inner body. Arthropod: hard chitin that must be shed, protects body & supports movement by muscle attachment |
Created by:
AntBanana
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